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Sclareol glycol is the precursor of ambroxide. Hyphozyma roseonigraATCC 20624 was the only reported strain capable of degrading sclareol to the main product of sclareol glycol .
c[Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Nal-Nal-Nal] (Compound 9C) shows broad-spectrum activity against drug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with MICs of 3.1, 3,1, 12.5, and 25 μg/mL for MRSA (ATCC BAA-1556), S. aureus (ATCC 29213), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27883), and E. coli (ATCC 25922), respectively .
c[Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Dip-Dip-Dip] (Compound 8C) shows broad-spectrum activity against drug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with MICs of 3.1, 3,1, 12.5, and 12.5 μg/mL for MRSA (ATCC BAA-1556), S. aureus (ATCC 29213), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27883), and E. coli (ATCC 25922), respectively .
Farobin A is a natural compound with antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Farobin A against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Streptococcus sobrinusATCC 33478. Farobin A shows anti-inflammatory activity on cytokine IL-6 and TNF-α .
FASN-IN-6 (compound 44) is a potent fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) inhibitor. FASN-IN-6 is an antibacterial agent with MICs of 1 μg/mL and 4 μg/mL for S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. faecalis ATCC 29212, respectively .
8-Deazafolic acid is an antimicrobial drug for the folate-dependent bacteria, Streptococcus faecium (ATCC 8043) and Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 74691). 8-Deazafolic acid has activity against lymphoid leukemia L1210 in mice .
Mutanolysin, streptomyces globisporus ATCC21553 (0.2 μm filtered) is an N-acetylmuramidase that can be used to prepare nucleic acids and intact ribosomal RNA from Gram-positive bacteria .
hERG-IN-1 (compound 2a) is an antibacterial agent and inhibitor of hERG. hERG-IN-1 inhibits pulmonary infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ATCC 27853 .
Massarigenin C is a compound that can be isolated from Massarina tunicata. Massarigenin C has inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) .
Mycestericin C is a compound isolated from the culture broth of Mycelia steriliaATCC 20349. Mycestericin C suppresses the proliferation of lymphocytes in the mouse allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction .
Ambuic acid exhibits antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with IC50 of 43.9 μM for strain ATCC 6538. Ambuic acid is an inhbitor for the biosynthesis of cyclic peptide quorum sensing molecules (quormones) in gram-positive bacteria. Ambuic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through ERK/JNK/MAPK signaling pathway .
Norfunalenone exhibits weak cytotoxic activity in mouse myeloma NS-1 cell line (ATCC TIB-18) with an IC50 of 70 μM. Norfunalenone also exhibits weak antibacterial activity against B. subtilis (MIC=100 μg/mL; IC50=265 μM) .
Alicaforsen is a 20-base antisense oligonucleotide inhibiting ICAM-1 production, which is an important adhesion molecule involved in leukocyte migration and trafficking to the site of inflammation.
Antifungal agent 51 (Compound 5c) has potent antifungal activity, especially against Candida albicans FDC 151 , Candida parapsilosisATCC 22019 and Candida tropicalis FDC 138, with the MIC value is less than 0.063 μg/mL, and it has low toxicity to cells and no carcinogenicity .
Antibacterial agent 143 (Compound 5a) is an antibacterial agent with MICs of 25, 25, 50 and 50 μg/mL against B. subtilisATCC6633, S. aureusATCC6538, P. aeruginosaATCC13525 and E. coliATCC35218, respectively .
2',3'-Dehydrosalannol is a potent antibacterial agent. 2',3'-Dehydrosalannol shows antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniaATCC 13883, P. aeruginosaATCC 27853, S. aureusATCC 25922, E. coliATCC 11775, and E. faecalisATCC 10541, with MIC values of 0.78, 1.56, 1.56, 6.25, and 25 μg/mL, respectively .
Antimicrobial agent-38 (compound 10) is a potent inhibitor of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain ATCC 700699 and nonresistant strain ATCC 29213, with MICs of 32 and 64 mg/L .
Maximin H4 is an antimicrobial peptide derived from the skin secretions of Chinese red belly toad Bombina maxima. Maximin H4 has activity against Escherichia coliATCC25922, Staphylococcus aureusATCC2592, Bacillus pyocyaneus CMCCB1010 and Candida albicansATCC2002, the MIC values are 12, 6, 12, 6 μg/ml, respectively .
Maximin H2 is an antimicrobial peptide derived from the skin secretions of Chinese red belly toad Bombina maxima. Maximin H2 has activity against Escherichia coliATCC25922, Staphylococcus aureusATCC2592, Bacillus pyocyaneus CMCCB1010 and Candida albicansATCC2002, the MIC values are 20, 2, 4, 2 μg/ml, respectively .
Maximin H3 is an antimicrobial peptide derived from the skin secretions of Chinese red belly toad Bombina maxima. Maximin H3 has activity against Escherichia coliATCC25922, Staphylococcus aureusATCC2592, Bacillus pyocyaneus CMCCB1010 and Candida albicansATCC2002, the MIC values are 20, 10, 20, 5 μg/ml, respectively .
LpxC-IN-5 is a potent non-hydroxamate LpxC (UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase) inhibitor with an IC50 of 20 nM. LpxC-IN-5 shows antibacterial activity against E. coliATCC25922, P. aeruginosaATCC27853, K. pneumoniaeATCC13883 and P. aeruginosa 5567 with MIC of 16, 4, 64, and 4 μg/mL, respectively .
Maximin H1 is an antimicrobial peptide derived from the skin secretions of Chinese red belly toad Bombina maxima. Maximin H1 has activity against Escherichia coliATCC25922, Staphylococcus aureusATCC2592, Bacillus pyocyaneus CMCCB1010 and Candida albicansATCC2002, the MIC values are 9, 4.5, 9, 4.5 μg/ml, respectively .
10-Thiofolic acid is a potent antibacterial and antitumor agent. 10-Thiofolic acid inhibits the growth of Streptococcus faecium (ATCC 8043) and Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 7469). 10-Thiofolic acid has the potential for the research of leukemia .
Florfenicol-propanoate-piperidin (Compound 1) is the derivative of Florfenicol (HY-B1374). Florfenicol-propanoate-piperidin exhibits antibacterial activity, inhibits E. coliATCC25922, Salmonella CICC110420, S. aureusATCC29213, B. subtilis CMCC(B)63501, E. faecalisATCC29212, S. suis CVCC606, and Haemophilus parasuis with MIC of 2-8 μM .
Antibacterial agent 215 (Compound 3b) is an inhibitor for carbonic anhydrase (CA), with Ki of 17.61, 5.14 and 43.74 nM, for hCA I, hCA II and AChE, respectively. Antibacterial agent 215 exhibits anti-tuberculosis, with MIC of 62.5 µg/ml against M. tuberculosis. Antibacterial agent 215 exhibits antifungal activities against Candida spp. strains ATCC 14053, ATCC 1369, and ATCC 15126, with MICs of 125 µg/ml .
DNA ligase-IN-2 (compound 2) is a potent LigA inhibitor and inhibits the DNA-independent autoadenylation activity of both full-length LigA and a truncated enzyme, LigA:AD (IC50=29 nM). DNA ligase-IN-2 effectively inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro, with MIC valuse of 1, 1, and >64 μg/mL for S. aureusATCC 29213, S. aureusATCC 700699 and E. coliATCC 25922, respectively .
Antibacterial agent 132 has anticandidal effects against C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019) and C. krusei (ATCC 6258) with MIC90 values of <0.06 μg/mL and 62.50 μg/mL, respectively. Antibacterial agent 132 inhibits aromatase enzyme with an IC50 of 0.047μM .
3-Bromo-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (compound 2c) is a 3-substituted pyrrole-2,5-dione compound with antibacterial activity. 3-Bromo-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione inhibits pathogenic strains of S. aureusATCC 25923, E. coliATCC 25922, P. aeruginosaATCC 27853, with MIC values of 32 μg/mL, 32 μg/mL, and 64 μg/mL, respectively .
PD-L1/LpxC-IN-1 (Conpound 12b) is the inhibitor for PD-L1 and LpxC with IC50 of 5.2 μM and 0.081 μM. PD-L1/LpxC-IN-1 inhibits the biosynthesis of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, causes the lysis and death of bacterial cells. PD-L1/LpxC-IN-1 inhibits Gram-negative bacteria, MIC for K. pneumoniaeATCC 13883, E. coliATCC 8739, S. typhimuriumATCC 14028 and P. aeruginosaATCC 9027 is 0.25-0.5 μg/mL. PD-L1/LpxC-IN-1 downregulates the expression of inflammatory factors IL-2 and IFN-γ, upregulates the expression of CD4+ and CD8+ cells, thereby activating the immune system and inhibiting excessive inflammatory responses. PD-L1/LpxC-IN-1 exhibits antibacterial activity in K. pneumoniaeATCC 13883 infected mouse models .
Anti-MRSA agent 14 (Compound C17) has antibacterial agent against MRSA and MRSA-infected skin murine model. Anti-MRSA agent 14 is more potential than Norfloxacin (HY-B0132) against MRSA. Anti-MRSA agent 14 disrupts cell membrane and restrains metabolism. Anti-MRSA agent 14 shows antibacterial effects against S. aureusATCC 6538, S. aureusATCC 29213, S. epidermidisATCC 12228, and MRSA with MIC values of 1, 2, 2, 1 μM respectively .
ATP synthase inhibitor 3 (compound PT6) is an orally active inhibitor of mycobacterial F-ATP synthase (IC50=0.788 μM). ATP synthase inhibitor 3 inhibits the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain (ATCC-27294) in vitro and depletes intracellular ATP levels at an IC50 value of 30μM .
Kalafungin is an antibiotic, antimicrobial agent and a β-lactamase inhibitor from marine Streptomyces, with IC50 of 225.37 μM. Kalafungin destroys cell membranes. Kalafungin shows inhibitory activities against a variety of pathogenic fungi, yeasts, protozoa, gram-positive bacteria (such as S. aureusATCC 33591 and S. aureusATCC 23591), and, to a lesser extent, gram-negative bacteria .
FtsZ-IN-12 (Compound 16e) is the inhibitor for filamentous temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ) that promotes the polymerization of FtsZ protein, inhibits its GTPase activity, thereby interfering with bacterial cell division process. FtsZ-IN-12 exhibits boardspectrum antibacterial activity that inhibits B. subtilisATCC9372, B. pumilus CMCC63202, S. aureusATCC25923, E. coli BW25113 and A. baumanniiATCC19606 with MIC of 0.062-1 μg/mL. FtsZ-IN-12 inhibits the formation of bacterial biofilms and exhibits a clearing effect on mature biofilms. FtsZ-IN-12 exhibits bactericidal activity without hemolytic toxicity to mammalian red blood cells (15 mg/kg) .
Glucoallosamidin A is a glycoside antibiotic that can inhibit Chitinase activity. Glucoallosamidin A can inhibit Candida albicansATCC 10231 chitinase with an IC50 of 3.4 μg/mL .
Nocardicin B is originally isolated from Nocardia uniformis subsp. tsugamanensisATCC 21806. Nocardicin B only has a weak antibacterial effect on Proteus and axillary bacillus .
Eupenifeldin is pentacyclic bistropolone isolated from cultures of Eupenicillium brefeldianum ATCC 74184. Eupenifeldin is cytotoxic against the HCT-116 cell line. Eupenifeldin has the potential for the research of leukemia .
Peptaibolin has anti-Gram-positive bacteria and yeast activity, but the antibacterial activity is weak. Peptaibolin inhibits Subtilis ATCC 6633 and candida albicans with MICs (μg/mL) of 100, 100, respectively .
Saccharothrixin K, a glycosylated saccharothrixin, shows moderate inhibition against Helicobacter pylori G27, H. pylori 159, and Staphylococcus aureusATCC25923 with MIC values of 16 μg/mL .
FLGFVGQALNALLGKL-NH2 is an antimicrobial peptide of frog origin. FLGFVGQALNALLGKL-NH2 has activity against Staphylococcus aureusATCC 29213 (MIC=32 μM) .
Benzisothiazolone is an isothiazolone fungicide. Benzisothiazolone has growth inhibiting activity against E. coliATCC 8739 and saccharornyces pombe NCYC 1354. Benzisothiazolone can be used in the study of growth inhibition model .
Istamycin Y0 is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Istamycin Y0 can be found in Streptomyces tenjimariensisATCC 31603. Istamycin Y0 has only weak antibacterial activity against a few bacteria .
4(1H)-Quinolinone, 1-methyl-2-(5Z)-5-undecen-1-yl- (compound 2) is a quinolone alkaloid that can be isolated from Cnidium. 4(1H)-Quinolinone, 1-methyl-2-(5Z)-5-undecen-1-yl- has methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity, with MIC values of 32 μg/mL (ATCC 33591) and 16 μM/mL (ATCC 25923), respectively .
Antimicrobial agent-14, a benzyl thiophene sulfonamide derivative is an antimicrobial agent, with a MIC of 200 μM against Campylobacter coliATCC33559. Antimicrobial agent-14 can be used for the research of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis .
Eremomycin (MM 45289) is a potent glycopeptide antibiotic closely related to Vancomycin (HY-B0671). Eremomycin shows antibacterial activity in Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633, with the MIC values of 0.03-1.6 μg/mL .
Minosaminomycin is an antibiotic containing myo-inosamine that can be extracted from Streptomyces No. MA514A1. Minosaminomycin exerts antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegrnatisATCC 607 and Mycobacterium phlei (MIC= 1.56/6.25 mcg/mL) .
Obafluorin is a β-Lactone Antibiotic, that can be produced by Pseudomonas fluorescensATCC 39502. Obafluorin exhibits antibacterial activity against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Obafluorin fully inhibits E. coli threonyl-tRNA synthetase .
Glucoallosamidin B is a glycoside antibiotic. Glucoallosamidin B can be found in Streptomyces sp. SA-684. Glucoallosamidin B inhibits Chitinase activity. Glucoallosamidin B inhibits candida albicans ATCC 10231 chitinase with an IC50 of 0.8 μg/mL .
P-113D is an antimicrobial peptide that targets Pseudomonas aeruginosa, showing good antibacterial activity and can be used in cystic fibrosis research, the MIC for P-113D against ATCC 27853 is 3.1 μg/mL .
ALK5-IN-26 (EX-22) is an ALK (Activin receptor-like kinase) inhibitor. ALK5-IN-26 inhibits ALK5 with an IC50 value ≤10 nM. ALK5-IN-26 can be used for the research of cancer .
Fluazifop (Standard) is the analytical standard of Fluazifop. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fluazifop is a grass-selective herbicide via inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase .
CN-CC-861 is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. CN-CC-861 shows antibiotic activities for susceptible and multidrug-resistant bacteria. CN-CC-861 shows potent bactericidal activity in vivo .
ALK5-IN-25 (compound EX-02) is a potent ALK-5 inhibitor with an IC50 ≤10 nM.ALK5-IN-25 also inhibits ALK-2 (selectivity ALK2/ALK5≤10). ALK5-IN-25 can be used for the research of cancer .
Antibacterial agent 81 is a DNA transcription inhibitor. Antibacterial agent 81 inhibits S. aureus USA300 and M. smegmatisATCC14468 with MIC values of 12.5 and 7.8 μM, respectively. Antibacterial agent 81 can be used for the research of infection .
Benzisothiazolone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Benzisothiazolone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Benzisothiazolone is an isothiazolone fungicide. Benzisothiazolone has growth inhibiting activity against E. coli ATCC 8739 and saccharornyces pombe NCYC 1354. Benzisothiazolone can be used in the study of growth inhibition model .
N-Acetyltyramine is a quorum-sensing inhibitor (QSI) compound produced by V. alginolyticus M3-10. N-Acetyltyramine is capable of inhibiting the QS of C. violaceumATCC 12472. N-acetyltyramine reverses resistance in Doxorubicin-resistant leukemia P388 cells .
N-(3-Oxobutanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C4-HSL) is a carbapenem antibiotic biosynthesis autoregulator in Erwinia carotovora ATCC 39048. N-(3-Oxobutanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone induces expression of rhiI in R. leguminosarum .
IDR-1018 is an innate defense regulator conjugate, with MICs of 16 μg/mL for MRSA USA300 LAC, MRSA SAP 0017 and S. epidermidisATCC14990. IDR-1018 can be used to synthesis V-IDR1018 (vancomycin-innate defense regulator conjugate) .
IDR-1018 acetate is an innate defense regulator conjugate, with MICs of 16 μg/mL for MRSA USA300 LAC, MRSA SAP 0017 and S. epidermidisATCC14990. IDR-1018 acetate can be used to synthesis V-IDR1018 (vancomycin-innate defense regulator conjugate) .
VP-4604 is a potent anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) agent. VP-4604 exhibits significant microbial growth inhibition toward Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300) with MIC of 4-8 µg/mL. VP-4604 inhibits the growth of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus with growth inhibition >95% .
3-O-Methylellagic acid is a nature product that can be isolated from Myrciaria cauliflora, with anti-inflammatory activity. 3-O-Methylellagic acid shows an inhibitory effect on glucose transport assay. 3-O-Methylellagic acid has antibacterial activity, with a MIC of 32 μg/mL for Staph. AureusATCC 25923 .
Efinaconazole (KP-103) is a triazole antifungal agent and againsts T. mentagrophytes SM-110 and C. albicansATCC 10231 with MICs of 0.0039 μg/mL and 0.00098 μg/mL, respectively . Efinaconazole has a potent in vitro activity against fungal pathogens including dermatophytes, Candida and Malassezia species .
DHFR-IN-8 (compound 6r) is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor that affects purine and thymidylate biosynthesis in cell proliferation and growth. DHFR-IN-8 inhibits methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300 (IC50=15.6 ng/mL) in mouse models of systemic infection and thigh infection .
VP-4556 is a potent anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) agent. VP-4556 exhibits significant microbial growth inhibition toward Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300) with MIC of 8 µg/mL. VP-4556 inhibits the growth of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus with growth inhibition >95% .
Rhizocticin A is an antifungal phosphono-oligopeptide against Ascodesmis, Plicaria, Rhizoctonia with MIC of 3.5 μg/mL. Rhizocticin A produces toxic L-2-Amino-5-phospho-3-cis-pentenoic acid (L-APPA), which may interfere with cell metabolism .
Anticancer agent 139 (Compound 6h) has potent anticancer activity. Anticancer agent 139 displayed a π–cationic interaction with the residue Lys352 of Tublin. Anticancer agent 139 has good anticancer activity against SNB-19, OVCAR-8, and NCI-H40 with PGIs of 86.61, 85.26, and 75.99, respectively. Anticancer agent 139 also has moderate anticancer activity against HOP-62, SNB-75, ACHN, NCI/ADR-RES, 786-O, A549/ATCC, HCT-116, and MDA-MB-231 with PGIs of 67.55, 65.46, 59.09, 59.02, 57.88, 56.88, 56.53, 56.4, and 51.88 respectively .
Majoranaquinone exhibits a high antibacterial effect against 4 Staphylococcus, 1 Moraxella, and 1 Enterococcus strains. Majoranaquinone shows substantial efflux pump inhibitory activity in Escherichia coliATCC 25922 strain. Majoranaquinone is found to be an effective biofilm formation inhibitor on E.coli, ATCC 25922 and E. coli K-12 AG100 bacteria .
Thiocillin I is a thiopeptide antibiotic and has in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacterial strains. The MIC values of Thiocillin I against S. aureus 1974149, E. faecalis 1674621, B. subtilisATCC 6633 and S. pyogenes 1744264 are 2 μg/mL, 0.5 μg/mL, 4 μg/mL and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively .
Protactin is a pentapeptide lactone produced by Streptomyces cucumeris strain L703-4 (ATCC 53784) with significant antioxidant properties. Protactin can be converted to actinomycin Zp by ferrocyanide oxidation. Actinomycin Zp exhibits potent antibacterial activity in vitro and has significant antitumor effects against P-388 leukemia in a mouse model .
Cuevaene A can be isolated from the strain of gdmAI-disrupted Streptomyces sp. LZ35 and. Cuevaene A displays moderate activity against Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC 11060) and modest activity against fungi (e.g., Fusarium verticillioides strain S68 and Rhizoctonia solani strain GXE4) .
Cuevaene B can be isolated from the strain of gdmAI-disrupted Streptomyces sp. LZ35 and. Cuevaene B displays moderate activity against Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC 11060) and modest activity against fungi (e.g., Fusarium verticillioides strain S68 and Rhizoctonia solani strain GXE4) .
Antibacterial agent 274 (Compound 18b) is a membrane-targeting antibacterial agent that demonstrates a MIC of 8 μg/mL against Acinetobacter baumanniiATCC 17978. By disrupting bacterial membrane integrity, it induces intracellular ROS accumulation and causes leakage of DNA and proteins, thereby exhibiting potent antibacterial activity. This compound is suitable for research applications targeting Gram-negative bacterial infections .
IPMCL-28b is an antibacterial agent targeting the bacterial cell membrane. Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 is 1.56 μg/mL, and the MIC against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is 6.25 μg/mL. IPMCL-28b is expected to be used in the research of the anti-infection field .
Efinaconazole-d4 is the deuterium labeled Efinaconazole. Efinaconazole (KP-103) is a triazole antifungal agent and againsts T. mentagrophytes SM-110 and C. albicans ATCC 10231 with MICs of 0.0039 μg/mL and 0.00098 μg/mL, respectively . Efinaconazole has a potent in vitro activity against fungal pathogens including dermatophytes, Candida and Malassezia species .
Dermaseptin-B3 inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MIC: 1.3, 2.3, 5.0, 2.6, 2.3 μM for S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, P. aeruginosa, E. (ATCC 25922), E. (54127) respectively). Dermaseptin-B3 also inhibits tumor cell proliferation .
Ticarcillin is a semisynthetic, extended-spectrum, carboxypenicillin antibacterial agent, and is active against gram-positive cocci, including streptococci and staphylococci. Ticarcillin is also effective against most gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ticarcillin can be used in lower respiratory tract infections, skin and skin structure infections, urinary tract infections, and intraabdominal infections research .
Ticarcillin monosodium is a semisynthetic, extended-spectrum, carboxypenicillin antibacterial agent, and is active against gram-positive cocci, including streptococci and staphylococci. Ticarcillin monosodium is also effective against most gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ticarcillin monosodium can be used in lower respiratory tract infections, skin and skin structure infections, urinary tract infections, and intraabdominal infections research .
2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium has bactericidal effect and is against a standard strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) with MIC90 of 7.20 μM. 2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium and its complex with iron, gallium, and bismuth have good anti-M. tuberculosis activity. 2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium has potential for the treatment of tuberculosis .
Topoisomerase IV inhibitor 2 (compound 7d) is a potent DNA topoisomerase IV (TOPO IV) inhibitor with IC50s of 0.23 μM and 0.43 μM for TOPO IV and DNA gyrase, respectively. Topoisomerase IV inhibitor 2 has anti-bacterial activity, with MICs of 0.972 μM and 0.608 μM in Staphylococcus aureus Newman and Escherichia coliATCC8739, respectively .
Topoisomerase IV inhibitor 2 (compound 5d) is a potent DNA topoisomerase IV (TOPO IV) inhibitor with IC50s of 0.35 μM and 0.55 μM for TOPO IV and DNA gyrase, respectively. Topoisomerase IV inhibitor 2 has anti-bacterial activity, with MICs of 1.985 μM and 0.744 μM in Staphylococcus aureus Newman and Escherichia coliATCC8739, respectively .
Antibacterial agent 107 (compound 14) is a potent antibacterial agent. Antibacterial agent 107 shows potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, with a MIC of 1.56 μg/mL (MRSA). Antibacterial agent 107 exhibits low hemolytic activity, high membrane selectivity, and rapid bactericidal activity. Antibacterial agent 107 shows effective in vivo efficacy in the murine model of bacterial keratitis caused by Staphylococcus aureusATCC29213 .
VP-4604 (Standard) is the analytical standard of VP-4604. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. VP-4604 is a potent anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) agent. VP-4604 exhibits significant microbial growth inhibition toward Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300) with MIC of 4-8 μg/mL. VP-4604 inhibits the growth of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus with growth inhibition >95%[1].
TMB is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 .
Antibacterial agent 228 (Compound 8) inhibits the mycobacterial ribosome (IC50 for Mycobacterium smegmatis is 2.31 μM) and exhibits antibacterial activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (MIC=2 and 0.25 μg/mL for wildtype and Δ1258c mutant), M. abscessusATCC 19977 (MIC=8 and 8 μg/mL for wildtype and Δ2780c mutant) and M. smegmatis (MIC=8 μg/mL) .
TMB dihydrochloride is the dihydrochloride form of TMB (HY-15930). TMB dihydrochloride is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB dihydrochloride can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB dihydrochloride can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 .
7-O-Methylaloeresin A is 5-methylchromone glycoside isolated from Commiphora socotrana (Burseraceae). 7-O-Methylaloeresin A exhibits good activity against multiple agent resistant Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 11994) and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 1255) with MIC values of 0.72 and 0.18 mM, respectively. 7-O-Methylaloeresin A has antioxidant activities, gives IC50 values of 0.026 mM and 0.021 mM for DPPH and 2-deoxyribose degradation assay, respectively.
TMB (Standard) is the analytical standard of TMB. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. TMB is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 .
TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) is the dihydrochloride x hydrate form of TMB (HY-15930). TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 .
CYP51-IN-20 (compound 5b) is an inhibitor of CYP51 and has antifungal activity. CYP51-IN-20 has a significant inhibitory effect on Candida albicans ATCC 10231, downregulates ERG11 (Cyp51) gene expression, and significantly reduces the yeast-to-hyphae morphological transition. CYP51-IN-20 can synergize with Voriconazole (HY-76200) to occupy the entire CYP51 binding site and exert a synergistic inhibitory effect in the Glechoma moth model .
TMB monosulfate is the monosulfate form of TMB (HY-15930). TMB monosulfate is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB monosulfate can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB monosulfate can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 .
Antibacterial agent 89 is a potent antibacterial agent. Antibacterial agent 89 shows anti-clostridial activity. Antibacterial agent 89 inhibits the release of cytotoxins and the β’CH-σ interaction. Antibacterial agent 89 disrupts the process of bacterial transcription .
Cochliodone A is an active compound extracted from cultures of the deep-sea derived fungus Chaetomium sp. and has antibacterial and anticancer activity. Cochliodone A is toxic to a variety of bacteria, with MICs of 15.3 μg/mL (V. vulnificus), 32.7 μg/mL (V. rotiferianus), 15.9 μg/mL (S. aureus ATCC 43300), and 16.3 μg/mL (S . aureus CGMCC 1.12409). Cochliodone A also inhibits a variety of cancer cell lines, with IC50s of 28.1 μM (A549), 20.7 μM (HeLa), and 23.2 μM (Hep G2) .
DHFR-IN-9 (compound 8A) is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor that affects purine and thymidylate biosynthesis in cell proliferation and growth. DHFR-IN-9 inhibits methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300 (IC50=0.25 μg/mL) and has anti-infective effects in mouse models of systemic infection and thigh infection caused by it (dose: 2.5 mg /kg, 5 mg/kg; ip). DHFR-IN-9 has stronger anticancer activity than paclitaxel (Y-B0015) in a mouse model of breast cancer (dose: 2.5 mg/kg; ip; once every 3 days) .
Antimicrobial agent-34 (compound 4h) is an antibacterial agent (MIC = 1–4 μg/mL), with a clogP value of 9.14. Antimicrobial agent-34 has good plasma stability (HC50 of 131.1 μg/mL) and good membrane selectivity (HC50/MIC is 65.6), with rapid sterilization capability. Antimicrobial agent-34 destroys the integrity of bacterial cell membranes, induces an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species, and leaks protein and DNA, ultimately leading to bacterial death. Antimicrobial agent-34 demonstrates significant in vivo antibacterial potency in a mouse sepsis model infected with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300 .
Antibacterial agent 256 (Compound C09) is an inhibitor for type I signal peptidase (SPase I). Antibacterial agent 256 inhibits gram-positive bacteria, that inhibits S. aureusATCC 29213, E. faecium QF31, E. faecalis SF23-1 and S. suis P1/7, with MIC of 1-16 μg/mL. Antibacterial agent 256 exhibits cytotoxicity in cancer cell HEp-2 and Caco-2 with CC50 of 14.65 μg/mL and 21.93 μg/mL. Antibacterial agent 256 exhibits a hemolytic activity on mouse RBCs, with an HC50 of 13.29 μg/mL. Antibacterial agent 256 ameliorates the MRSA skin infection in mouse model .
TMB is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 .
TMB dihydrochloride is the dihydrochloride form of TMB (HY-15930). TMB dihydrochloride is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB dihydrochloride can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB dihydrochloride can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 .
TMB monosulfate is the monosulfate form of TMB (HY-15930). TMB monosulfate is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB monosulfate can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB monosulfate can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 .
TMB (Standard) is the analytical standard of TMB. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. TMB is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 .
TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) is the dihydrochloride x hydrate form of TMB (HY-15930). TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB (dihydrochloride x.hydrate) can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 .
c[Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Nal-Nal-Nal] (Compound 9C) shows broad-spectrum activity against drug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with MICs of 3.1, 3,1, 12.5, and 25 μg/mL for MRSA (ATCC BAA-1556), S. aureus (ATCC 29213), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27883), and E. coli (ATCC 25922), respectively .
c[Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Dip-Dip-Dip] (Compound 8C) shows broad-spectrum activity against drug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with MICs of 3.1, 3,1, 12.5, and 12.5 μg/mL for MRSA (ATCC BAA-1556), S. aureus (ATCC 29213), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27883), and E. coli (ATCC 25922), respectively .
Maximin H4 is an antimicrobial peptide derived from the skin secretions of Chinese red belly toad Bombina maxima. Maximin H4 has activity against Escherichia coliATCC25922, Staphylococcus aureusATCC2592, Bacillus pyocyaneus CMCCB1010 and Candida albicansATCC2002, the MIC values are 12, 6, 12, 6 μg/ml, respectively .
Maximin H2 is an antimicrobial peptide derived from the skin secretions of Chinese red belly toad Bombina maxima. Maximin H2 has activity against Escherichia coliATCC25922, Staphylococcus aureusATCC2592, Bacillus pyocyaneus CMCCB1010 and Candida albicansATCC2002, the MIC values are 20, 2, 4, 2 μg/ml, respectively .
Maximin H3 is an antimicrobial peptide derived from the skin secretions of Chinese red belly toad Bombina maxima. Maximin H3 has activity against Escherichia coliATCC25922, Staphylococcus aureusATCC2592, Bacillus pyocyaneus CMCCB1010 and Candida albicansATCC2002, the MIC values are 20, 10, 20, 5 μg/ml, respectively .
Maximin H1 is an antimicrobial peptide derived from the skin secretions of Chinese red belly toad Bombina maxima. Maximin H1 has activity against Escherichia coliATCC25922, Staphylococcus aureusATCC2592, Bacillus pyocyaneus CMCCB1010 and Candida albicansATCC2002, the MIC values are 9, 4.5, 9, 4.5 μg/ml, respectively .
FLGFVGQALNALLGKL-NH2 is an antimicrobial peptide of frog origin. FLGFVGQALNALLGKL-NH2 has activity against Staphylococcus aureusATCC 29213 (MIC=32 μM) .
P-113D is an antimicrobial peptide that targets Pseudomonas aeruginosa, showing good antibacterial activity and can be used in cystic fibrosis research, the MIC for P-113D against ATCC 27853 is 3.1 μg/mL .
IDR-1018 is an innate defense regulator conjugate, with MICs of 16 μg/mL for MRSA USA300 LAC, MRSA SAP 0017 and S. epidermidisATCC14990. IDR-1018 can be used to synthesis V-IDR1018 (vancomycin-innate defense regulator conjugate) .
IDR-1018 acetate is an innate defense regulator conjugate, with MICs of 16 μg/mL for MRSA USA300 LAC, MRSA SAP 0017 and S. epidermidisATCC14990. IDR-1018 acetate can be used to synthesis V-IDR1018 (vancomycin-innate defense regulator conjugate) .
Protactin is a pentapeptide lactone produced by Streptomyces cucumeris strain L703-4 (ATCC 53784) with significant antioxidant properties. Protactin can be converted to actinomycin Zp by ferrocyanide oxidation. Actinomycin Zp exhibits potent antibacterial activity in vitro and has significant antitumor effects against P-388 leukemia in a mouse model .
Dermaseptin-B3 inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MIC: 1.3, 2.3, 5.0, 2.6, 2.3 μM for S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, P. aeruginosa, E. (ATCC 25922), E. (54127) respectively). Dermaseptin-B3 also inhibits tumor cell proliferation .
Sclareol glycol is the precursor of ambroxide. Hyphozyma roseonigraATCC 20624 was the only reported strain capable of degrading sclareol to the main product of sclareol glycol .
Ambuic acid exhibits antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with IC50 of 43.9 μM for strain ATCC 6538. Ambuic acid is an inhbitor for the biosynthesis of cyclic peptide quorum sensing molecules (quormones) in gram-positive bacteria. Ambuic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through ERK/JNK/MAPK signaling pathway .
Farobin A is a natural compound with antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Farobin A against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Streptococcus sobrinusATCC 33478. Farobin A shows anti-inflammatory activity on cytokine IL-6 and TNF-α .
Massarigenin C is a compound that can be isolated from Massarina tunicata. Massarigenin C has inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) .
Mycestericin C is a compound isolated from the culture broth of Mycelia steriliaATCC 20349. Mycestericin C suppresses the proliferation of lymphocytes in the mouse allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction .
Norfunalenone exhibits weak cytotoxic activity in mouse myeloma NS-1 cell line (ATCC TIB-18) with an IC50 of 70 μM. Norfunalenone also exhibits weak antibacterial activity against B. subtilis (MIC=100 μg/mL; IC50=265 μM) .
2',3'-Dehydrosalannol is a potent antibacterial agent. 2',3'-Dehydrosalannol shows antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniaATCC 13883, P. aeruginosaATCC 27853, S. aureusATCC 25922, E. coliATCC 11775, and E. faecalisATCC 10541, with MIC values of 0.78, 1.56, 1.56, 6.25, and 25 μg/mL, respectively .
Kalafungin is an antibiotic, antimicrobial agent and a β-lactamase inhibitor from marine Streptomyces, with IC50 of 225.37 μM. Kalafungin destroys cell membranes. Kalafungin shows inhibitory activities against a variety of pathogenic fungi, yeasts, protozoa, gram-positive bacteria (such as S. aureusATCC 33591 and S. aureusATCC 23591), and, to a lesser extent, gram-negative bacteria .
Glucoallosamidin A is a glycoside antibiotic that can inhibit Chitinase activity. Glucoallosamidin A can inhibit Candida albicansATCC 10231 chitinase with an IC50 of 3.4 μg/mL .
Nocardicin B is originally isolated from Nocardia uniformis subsp. tsugamanensisATCC 21806. Nocardicin B only has a weak antibacterial effect on Proteus and axillary bacillus .
Eupenifeldin is pentacyclic bistropolone isolated from cultures of Eupenicillium brefeldianum ATCC 74184. Eupenifeldin is cytotoxic against the HCT-116 cell line. Eupenifeldin has the potential for the research of leukemia .
Peptaibolin has anti-Gram-positive bacteria and yeast activity, but the antibacterial activity is weak. Peptaibolin inhibits Subtilis ATCC 6633 and candida albicans with MICs (μg/mL) of 100, 100, respectively .
Saccharothrixin K, a glycosylated saccharothrixin, shows moderate inhibition against Helicobacter pylori G27, H. pylori 159, and Staphylococcus aureusATCC25923 with MIC values of 16 μg/mL .
Istamycin Y0 is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Istamycin Y0 can be found in Streptomyces tenjimariensisATCC 31603. Istamycin Y0 has only weak antibacterial activity against a few bacteria .
4(1H)-Quinolinone, 1-methyl-2-(5Z)-5-undecen-1-yl- (compound 2) is a quinolone alkaloid that can be isolated from Cnidium. 4(1H)-Quinolinone, 1-methyl-2-(5Z)-5-undecen-1-yl- has methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity, with MIC values of 32 μg/mL (ATCC 33591) and 16 μM/mL (ATCC 25923), respectively .
Eremomycin (MM 45289) is a potent glycopeptide antibiotic closely related to Vancomycin (HY-B0671). Eremomycin shows antibacterial activity in Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633, with the MIC values of 0.03-1.6 μg/mL .
Minosaminomycin is an antibiotic containing myo-inosamine that can be extracted from Streptomyces No. MA514A1. Minosaminomycin exerts antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegrnatisATCC 607 and Mycobacterium phlei (MIC= 1.56/6.25 mcg/mL) .
Glucoallosamidin B is a glycoside antibiotic. Glucoallosamidin B can be found in Streptomyces sp. SA-684. Glucoallosamidin B inhibits Chitinase activity. Glucoallosamidin B inhibits candida albicans ATCC 10231 chitinase with an IC50 of 0.8 μg/mL .
Fluazifop (Standard) is the analytical standard of Fluazifop. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fluazifop is a grass-selective herbicide via inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase .
3-O-Methylellagic acid is a nature product that can be isolated from Myrciaria cauliflora, with anti-inflammatory activity. 3-O-Methylellagic acid shows an inhibitory effect on glucose transport assay. 3-O-Methylellagic acid has antibacterial activity, with a MIC of 32 μg/mL for Staph. AureusATCC 25923 .
Rhizocticin A is an antifungal phosphono-oligopeptide against Ascodesmis, Plicaria, Rhizoctonia with MIC of 3.5 μg/mL. Rhizocticin A produces toxic L-2-Amino-5-phospho-3-cis-pentenoic acid (L-APPA), which may interfere with cell metabolism .
Majoranaquinone exhibits a high antibacterial effect against 4 Staphylococcus, 1 Moraxella, and 1 Enterococcus strains. Majoranaquinone shows substantial efflux pump inhibitory activity in Escherichia coliATCC 25922 strain. Majoranaquinone is found to be an effective biofilm formation inhibitor on E.coli, ATCC 25922 and E. coli K-12 AG100 bacteria .
Protactin is a pentapeptide lactone produced by Streptomyces cucumeris strain L703-4 (ATCC 53784) with significant antioxidant properties. Protactin can be converted to actinomycin Zp by ferrocyanide oxidation. Actinomycin Zp exhibits potent antibacterial activity in vitro and has significant antitumor effects against P-388 leukemia in a mouse model .
Cuevaene A can be isolated from the strain of gdmAI-disrupted Streptomyces sp. LZ35 and. Cuevaene A displays moderate activity against Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC 11060) and modest activity against fungi (e.g., Fusarium verticillioides strain S68 and Rhizoctonia solani strain GXE4) .
Cuevaene B can be isolated from the strain of gdmAI-disrupted Streptomyces sp. LZ35 and. Cuevaene B displays moderate activity against Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC 11060) and modest activity against fungi (e.g., Fusarium verticillioides strain S68 and Rhizoctonia solani strain GXE4) .
7-O-Methylaloeresin A is 5-methylchromone glycoside isolated from Commiphora socotrana (Burseraceae). 7-O-Methylaloeresin A exhibits good activity against multiple agent resistant Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 11994) and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 1255) with MIC values of 0.72 and 0.18 mM, respectively. 7-O-Methylaloeresin A has antioxidant activities, gives IC50 values of 0.026 mM and 0.021 mM for DPPH and 2-deoxyribose degradation assay, respectively.
Cochliodone A is an active compound extracted from cultures of the deep-sea derived fungus Chaetomium sp. and has antibacterial and anticancer activity. Cochliodone A is toxic to a variety of bacteria, with MICs of 15.3 μg/mL (V. vulnificus), 32.7 μg/mL (V. rotiferianus), 15.9 μg/mL (S. aureus ATCC 43300), and 16.3 μg/mL (S . aureus CGMCC 1.12409). Cochliodone A also inhibits a variety of cancer cell lines, with IC50s of 28.1 μM (A549), 20.7 μM (HeLa), and 23.2 μM (Hep G2) .
Efinaconazole-d4 is the deuterium labeled Efinaconazole. Efinaconazole (KP-103) is a triazole antifungal agent and againsts T. mentagrophytes SM-110 and C. albicans ATCC 10231 with MICs of 0.0039 μg/mL and 0.00098 μg/mL, respectively . Efinaconazole has a potent in vitro activity against fungal pathogens including dermatophytes, Candida and Malassezia species .
CN-CC-861 is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. CN-CC-861 shows antibiotic activities for susceptible and multidrug-resistant bacteria. CN-CC-861 shows potent bactericidal activity in vivo .
Alicaforsen is a 20-base antisense oligonucleotide inhibiting ICAM-1 production, which is an important adhesion molecule involved in leukocyte migration and trafficking to the site of inflammation.
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