hnRNP

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) is a group of proteins that bind to pre-mRNA in the nucleus and play a crucial role in various aspects of RNA metabolism. hnRNP proteins are involved in pre-mRNA splicing, where they help to determine the selection of splice sites, leading to alternative splicing events and the generation of different mRNA isoforms. hnRNP also participate in the capping and polyadenylation of pre-mRNA, which are essential for mRNA stability and export from the nucleus. Once the mRNA is mature, hnRNP proteins can bind to it and regulate its transport to the cytoplasm, stability, and translation efficiency. For example, hnRNP A1 can shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, facilitating mRNA export. Dysregulation of hnRNP functions has been associated with various diseases, including cancer^[1][2][3].