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Cytokines are a large group of low molecular weight proteins, polypeptides or glycoproteins that are secreted by various immune cells including macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells, as well as other cell types such as endothelial cells. They play important roles in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and activation, and are involved in many aspects of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Cytokines include interleukins, chemokines, interferons and other signalling molecules[1][2][3]. Growth factors are soluble signaling molecules capable of stimulating a variety of cellular processes including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and multicellular morphogenesis during development and tissue healing. Usually, Growth factors are secreted proteins or steroid hormones[4][5]. The term “Growth factor” and “Cytokine” are often used interchangeably. Some growth factors are small peptides called cytokines. The cytokines affecting cell growth/differentiation signaling pathways are considered growth factors, such as GM-CSF[5][6].
EGF proteins act as potent stimulators of growth in a variety of epidermal and epithelial tissues in both in vivo and in vitro settings, while promoting the proliferation of specific fibroblasts in cell culture. This multifaceted protein also acts as a magnesium stimulating hormone, driving magnesium reabsorption in the renal distal tubule through engagement of EGFR and activation of the magnesium channel TRPM6. EGF Protein, Human is the recombinant human-derived EGF protein, expressed by E. coli , with tag free.
IFN-gamma Protein is a cytokine belonging to the interferon family, secreted by activated immune cells such as T cells and NK cells. IFN-gamma Protein plays a key role in the immune system, exerting activities including regulating immune responses, antiviral effects, and antitumor effects. IFN-gamma Protein, Mouse is a recombinant IFN-gamma protein expressed by E. coli without any tag.
FGF-4 Protein is an important member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. By binding to FGFRs (especially FGFR1 and FGFR2), FGF-4 Protein can activate downstream signaling pathways such as RAS-MAPK and PI3K-AKT. FGF-4 Protein plays a key role in physiological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, migration, and angiogenesis. FGF-4 Protein, Human is a recombinant FGF-4 protein expressed by E. coli without a tag.
RSPO1/R-spondin-1 is a potent activator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and a secretory glycoprotein belonging to the R-spondin family. RSPO1 homotetramers synergize with LRP5/6 via LGR4/5/6 and activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by inhibiting DKK1/Kremen-mediated LRP6 endocytosis. RSPO1 promotes β-catenin nuclear translocation, drives HSC activation in liver fibrosis, inhibits adipocyte thermogenic gene expression, and promotes intestinal epithelial proliferation. RSPO1/R-spondin-1 Protein, Human (CHO, His) is a recombinant human RSPO1 protein expressed in CHO cells with a C-6*His tag.
IFN-alpha 2 (IFNA2), belongs to type I interferon family, is a protein secreted by cells infected by a virus and acting on other cells to inhibit viral infection. IFN-alpha 2 increases the frequencies of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and induces CD4+ T cell depletion. IFN-alpha 2b/IFNA2 Protein, Human contains 165 a.a. (C24-E188), is a protein produced in E. coli with tag free.
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a pleiotropic ligand protein belonging to TNFβ family, and is involved in key embryonic development of vascular and valvular homeostasis. BMP-2 binds to type I receptors (ALK-2/-3/-6) and type II receptors (BMPR2, ACVR2A) to regulate various types of calcification, including atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and valve calcification. BMP-2 is overexpressed by myofibroblast and preosteoblast in the calcified area of human calcified valve, which are densely infiltrated by B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. BMP-2 is the junction between atherosclerotic vascular calcification and normal bone formation mechanism. BMP-2 Protein, Human/Mouse/Rat is 114 a.a. (Q283-R396), expressed in E. coli.
IFN-gamma Protein, human activates STAT signaling pathway and affects gene regulation. IFN-gamma Protein, human activates effector immune cells and enhances antigen presentation. IFN-gamma Protein, human also regulates the hematopoietic stem cells development. IFN-gamma Protein, human is the recombinant human-derived IFN-gamma Protein, expressed by E. coli.
IGF-I/IGF-1 Protein is an insulin-like growth factor that possesses both growth-promoting and metabolic-regulating functions. IGF-I/IGF-1 Protein is also a neurotrophic factor with neuroprotective and neuroplasticity-regulating activities. IGF-I/IGF-1 Protein plays a key role in growth and development, cell proliferation, metabolic regulation and other aspects. IGF-I/IGF-1 protein, Human (70a.a) is a recombinant IGF-I/IGF-1 protein expressed by E. coli without a tag.
FGF-2 is a member of the fibroblast family involved in bone healing, cartilage repair, bone repair, and nerve regeneration. FGF-2 is also a mitotic promoter that accelerates cell proliferation. FGF-2 regulates immune processes by specifically targeting tyrosine kinase receptors and activating the FGF/FGFR signaling pathway. For example, FGF-2 is involved in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway to regulate cartilage metabolism and also activates ERK signaling to promote cartilage regeneration. FGF-2 combined with FGFR1/3 promoted degeneration and repair of articular cartilage, respectively. FGF-2 is also a known carcinogen in GBM, which contributes to glioma growth and vascularization.FGF basic/bFGF Protein, Human (146a.a), consists of 146 amino acids, produced by E.coli with tag free.
The M-CSF protein is a key orchestrator in regulating the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, particularly mononuclear phagocytes, including macrophages and monocytes. It actively promotes the release of pro-inflammatory chemokines, thereby playing a key role in innate immunity and inflammatory processes. M-CSF Protein, Mouse is the recombinant mouse-derived M-CSF protein, expressed by E. coli.
Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF alpha) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine. TNF alpha binds to its receptors, mainly TNFR1 and TNFR2, and then transmits molecular signals for biological functions such as inflammation and cell death. TNF alpha stimulates NF-κB pathway via TNFR2 promotes cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. Anti-TNF-α MAb significantly suppresses the tumor development in colitis-associated cancer (CAC) mouse. TNF alpha as a proneurogenic factor activates the SAPK/JNK Pathway and can facilitate neuronal replacement and brain repair in response to brain injury. TNF-alpha/TNFSF2 Protein, Human is a recombinant protein consisting of 157 amino acids (V77-L233) and is produced in E. coli.
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) is a polymorphic ligand protein belonging to the TGF-β family, which is involved in the circulation of the vascular system and can activate receptors on vascular cells. BMP-4 binds to type I receptors (ALK-2/-3/-6) and type II receptors (BMPR2, ACVR2A) to increase plaque formation and promote oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and osteogenic differentiation through its pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic effects. BMP-4 Protein, Human has a total length of 116 amino acids (S293-R408), is expressed in E. coli cells with tag free.
Erythropoietin/EPO is a renal cytokine that activates Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways by binding to erythroid progenitor cells EPOR. Erythropoietin/EPO regulates erythroid proliferation and differentiation and inhibits apoptosis. Erythropoietin/EPO also has angiogenic ability comparable to VEGF and can stimulate endothelial cell capillary sprouting. Erythropoietin/EPO can be used in the study of ischemic heart diseases such as anemia in end-stage renal disease. Erythropoietin/EPO Protein, Human (CHO) is a recombinant Erythropoietin/EPO protein expressed in CHO cells with tag-free.
IL-2 protein is mainly produced by activated CD4-positive helper T cells and plays an important role in immune response and tolerance. Binding to IL-2R induces downstream signaling through JAK1 and JAK3 phosphorylation, thereby activating various pathways, including STAT, PI3K, and MAPK. IL-2 Protein, Mouse is the recombinant mouse-derived IL-2 protein, expressed by E. coli.
TRAIL Protein (TNFSF10), a member of the TNF superfamily, is a type II transmembrane protein. TRAIL Protein mainly interacts with TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2, and induces apoptosis in tumor or infected cells. TRAIL Protein also binds with DR4, DR5, and OPG. TRAIL Protein can recruit FADD and further recruit and activates caspase-8 after binding to DR4 or DR5. Besides, TRAIL may also trigger nonapoptotic signaling through activating pro-inflammatory pathways. TRAIL protein is mainly expressed on surface of immune cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cell. TRAIL/TNFSF10 Protein, Human is a recombinant human TRAIL (V114-G281) without any tag, which is expressed in E. coli.
FGF-2 is a member of the fibroblast family involved in bone healing, cartilage repair, bone repair, and nerve regeneration. FGF-2 is also a mitotic promoter that accelerates cell proliferation. FGF-2 regulates immune processes by specifically targeting tyrosine kinase receptors and activating the FGF/FGFR signaling pathway. For example, FGF-2 is involved in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway to regulate cartilage metabolism and also activates ERK signaling to promote cartilage regeneration. FGF-2 combined with FGFR1/3 promoted degeneration and repair of articular cartilage, respectively. FGF-2 is also a known carcinogen in GBM, which contributes to glioma growth and vascularization.FGF basic/bFGF Protein, Human (154a.a), consists of 154 amino acids, produced by E.coli with tag free.
Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5; Fibronectin type III repeat-containing protein 2; Irisin; FNDC5
Mouse; Human; Rat
HEK293
Irisin Protein is an important cytokine secreted by muscles during exercise, which has multiple functions such as regulating metabolism and improving health. Irisin Protein, Human/Mouse/Rat (HEK293, His) is a recombinant Irisin Protein expressed by HEK293 and carrying a C-6*His tag.
TGF beta 1/TGFB1 Protein is initially identified as a growth factor that induces the growth of rodent fibroblasts. TGF beta 1/TGFB1 Protein inhibits the cell cycle in the G1 phase. TGF beta 1/TGFB1 is an endogenous factor controlling apoptosis in normal and pathological tissues. TGF beta 1/TGFB1 Protein, Human is a recombinant protein (A279-S390) produced by CHO cells.
GM-CSF Protein is a hematopoietic growth factor and immunomodulator. By binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, GM-CSF Protein activates intracellular signaling pathways to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and function. GM-CSF Protein plays an important role in the hematopoietic process and the immune system. GM-CSF Protein, Mouse is a recombinant GM-CSF Protein expressed by E. coli without a tag.
