2. NF-κB Cell Cycle/DNA Damage Autophagy PI3K/Akt/mTOR Apoptosis Epigenetics Immunology/Inflammation
  3. PARP Pyroptosis Autophagy Keap1-Nrf2 NF-κB NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Sirtuin Apoptosis AMPK
  4. Sweroside

Sweroside is an iridoid glycoside that targets multiple targets, including the Keap1/Nrf2 axis, NLRP3 inflammasome, SIRT1, NF-κB, AMPK/mTOR pathway, and caspase family. Sweroside promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation by competitively binding to Keap1. Sweroside also inhibits oxidative stress and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis by activating Nrf2, inhibits NF-κB inflammatory pathway by activating SIRT1, and promotes autophagy and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Sweroside has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and lipid metabolism regulating activities, and can be used in the research of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, leukemia, acute lung injury, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and other fields.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Sweroside Chemical Structure

Sweroside Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 14215-86-2

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Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
ready for reconstitution
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Customer Review

Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Sweroside:

Sweroside Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

1 Publications Citing Use of MCE Sweroside

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PARP PARP1 PARP2 PARP3 PARP4 TNKS1/PARP5A TNKS2/PARP5B PARP7 PARP10 PARP14 PARP15 PARP12 PARP16

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NF-κB NF-κB1/p50 RelA/p65 RelB c-Rel

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NLRP3 NLRP1 NOD1 NOD2

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Sirtuin SIRT1 SIRT2 SIRT3 SIRT6 SIRT5 SIRT7

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NUAK1 NUAK2 AMPK AMPK α1β1γ1 AMPK α2β1γ1 AMPK α1β2γ1 AMPK α2β2γ1 BRSK1 BRSK2 HUNK AMPKα

  • Biological Activity

  • Purity & Documentation

  • References

  • Customer Review

Description

Sweroside is an iridoid glycoside that targets multiple targets, including the Keap1/Nrf2 axis, NLRP3 inflammasome, SIRT1, NF-κB, AMPK/mTOR pathway, and caspase family. Sweroside promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation by competitively binding to Keap1. Sweroside also inhibits oxidative stress and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis by activating Nrf2, inhibits NF-κB inflammatory pathway by activating SIRT1, and promotes autophagy and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Sweroside has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and lipid metabolism regulating activities, and can be used in the research of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, leukemia, acute lung injury, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and other fields[1][2][3][4].

IC50 & Target

SIRT1

 

NLRP3

 

Cellular Effect
Cell Line Type Value Description References
HeLa IC50
> 50 μM
Compound: 18
Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay
[PMID: 23002924]
In Vitro

Sweroside (10-100 μM; pretreatment for 24 h followed by hypoxia/reoxygenation) enhances cell viability and reduced CK-MB and LDH release in H9c2 cells[1].
Sweroside (50 μM; 24 h+hypoxia/reoxygenation treatment) reduces ROS and MDA levels, increases SOD and GSH-Px activities, upregulates HO-1 expression, reduces caspase-1 activity and IL-1β levels, and downregulates NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1 and IL-1β expression in H9c2 cells[1].
Sweroside (50 μM; 24 h+hypoxia/reoxygenation treatment) inhibits Keap1 expression in H9c2 cells and promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation[1].
Sweroside (5-320 μM; 24-48 h) reduces cell viability in leukemia cell lines (K562, U937, HL-60, etc.) and has low toxicity to normal cells[2].
Sweroside (20-80 μM; 24 h) induces cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases in HL-60 cells, downregulates Cyclin D1, CDK4, CDC2, upregulates p53, p21, and induces apoptosis, activates caspase-3, -9 and PARP, upregulates Bax, and downregulates Bcl-2[2].
Sweroside reduces LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells by activating SIRT1 to mediate NF-κB and FOXO1 pathways[3].
Sweroside (0.1-10 μg/mL; 24 h) reduces lipid accumulation and activates autophagy (upregulation of LC3B-II and downregulation of P62) in palmitic acid-treated primary mouse hepatocytes, acting through the AMPK/mTOR pathway[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Sweroside Related Antibodies

Cell Viability Assay[2]

Cell Line: K562, U937, HL-60, NB4, THP-1 (leukemia cells); PBMC, BMC, HL-7702, AD293, BEAS-2B (normal cells)
Concentration: 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 μM
Incubation Time: 24 h, 48 h
Result: Reduced viability of leukemia cells in a dose-dependent manner (IC50: 156.83 μM for K562, 67.92 μM for U937, 62.58 μM for HL-60, etc.) without significant toxicity to normal cells.
In Vivo

Sweroside (25-100 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; daily; 5 days) reduces myocardial infarction size and improved left ventricular function (LVDP, ±dp/dt) in an isolated heart ischemia-reperfusion model in Wistar rats[1].
Sweroside (25-100 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; daily; 28 days) inhibits tumor growth, prolonged survival, and induces tumor cell apoptosis in a mouse HL-60 xenograft tumor model[2].
Sweroside (15-60 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection before LPS treatment; single dose) reduces lung wet-to-dry ratio and MPO activity, reduces inflammatory cells and cytokines, activates SIRT1, and inhibits NF-κB in an LPS-induced mouse acute lung injury model[3].
EX-527 (HY-15452) (60 mg/kg Sweroside+10 mg/kg EX-527; intraperitoneal injection before LPS treatment; single dose) can antagonize the in vivo effects of sweroside in the acute lung injury model induced by LPS in mice[3].
Sweroside (120 mg/kg/day; daily; 3 months) reduces hepatic lipid accumulation, activates AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy, and improves metabolic indicators in the high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model in C57BL/6J mice[4].
In a high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model in C57BL/6J mice, 3-Methyladenine (HY-19312) (120 mg/kg/day Sweroside for 3 months+30 mg/kg 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) ??3 times a week for 2 weeks; administered for the last 2 weeks) reverses the improvement of hepatic lipid accumulation induced by sweroside[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: 2-month-old C57BL/6J mice (20-25 g) with LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) model (inhaled LPS 5 mg/kg)[3]
Dosage: 15, 30, 60 mg/kg
Administration: Intraperitoneal injection, single dose before LPS inhalation
Result: Decreased lung wet-to-dry ratio, inhibited MPO activity, reduced numbers of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, macrophages) in BALF, alleviated lung histopathological damage (alveolar destruction, wall thickening), reduced TNF-α and IL-1β levels, upregulated SIRT1 expression, and downregulated NF-κB activation (p-p65, p-IκBα).
Animal Model: 4-6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model (HFD with 60% calories from fat for 3 months)[4]
Dosage: 120 mg/kg/day
Administration: Injection, daily, 3 months
Result: Reduced body weight and liver mass, improved glucose and insulin tolerance, decreased serum levels of TG, TC, FFA, ALT, AST, TNF-α, and IL-1β, reduced hepatic lipid accumulation (Oil Red O staining), activated autophagy (upregulated LC3B-II, downregulated P62), and activated AMPK/mTOR pathway (increased p-AMPK, decreased p-mTOR).
Molecular Weight

358.34

Formula

C16H22O9
CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

C=C[C@@H]1[C@@](CCOC2=O)([H])C2=CO[C@H]1O[C@]([C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H]3O)O)([H])O[C@@H]3CO
Structure Classification
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, protect from light

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (279.06 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H2O : 50 mg/mL (139.53 mM; Need ultrasonic)

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 2.7906 mL 13.9532 mL 27.9065 mL
5 mM 0.5581 mL 2.7906 mL 5.5813 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
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Concentration
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Volume
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Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

×
Volume (start)

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=
Concentration (final)

C2

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Volume (final)

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.98 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.98 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  PBS

    Solubility: 100 mg/mL (279.06 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.84%

SDS (393 KB)

COA (254 KB) HNMR (222 KB) LCMS (119 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
H2O / DMSO 1 mM 2.7906 mL 13.9532 mL 27.9065 mL 69.7661 mL
5 mM 0.5581 mL 2.7906 mL 5.5813 mL 13.9532 mL
10 mM 0.2791 mL 1.3953 mL 2.7906 mL 6.9766 mL
15 mM 0.1860 mL 0.9302 mL 1.8604 mL 4.6511 mL
20 mM 0.1395 mL 0.6977 mL 1.3953 mL 3.4883 mL
25 mM 0.1116 mL 0.5581 mL 1.1163 mL 2.7906 mL
30 mM 0.0930 mL 0.4651 mL 0.9302 mL 2.3255 mL
40 mM 0.0698 mL 0.3488 mL 0.6977 mL 1.7442 mL
50 mM 0.0558 mL 0.2791 mL 0.5581 mL 1.3953 mL
60 mM 0.0465 mL 0.2326 mL 0.4651 mL 1.1628 mL
80 mM 0.0349 mL 0.1744 mL 0.3488 mL 0.8721 mL
100 mM 0.0279 mL 0.1395 mL 0.2791 mL 0.6977 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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Sweroside Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Sweroside14215-86-2PARPPyroptosisAutophagyKeap1-Nrf2NF-κBNOD-like Receptor (NLR)SirtuinApoptosisAMPKpoly ADP ribose polymerase Nuclear factor-κBNuclear factor-kappaBAMP-activated protein kinaseInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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