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GGGYK-Biotin is a substrate peptide designed to study the substratespecificity of Sortase A. GGGYK-Biotin can be used to develop Sortase A variants with different substratespecificities .
p-APMSF is an irreversible inhibitor of serinase. p-APMSF
has substratespecificity for positively charged side chains of amino acids,
lysine, or arginine. p-APMSF can be used to study the irreversible inhibition
of trypsin and thrombin .
Prostate Specific Antigen Substrate is a prostate specific antigen (PSA) fluorescent substrate. Prostate Specific Antigen Substrate can be used for detect enzymatic activity of PSA .
Fluorescent Substrate for Pro-Specific Proteases is a fluorescent substrate of pro-specific proteases. Fluorescent Substrate for Pro-Specific Proteases can be used to detect the hydrolysis rate and activity of target enzyme .
CCK1-specific peptide substrate is a biological active peptide. (This peptide sequence is based on rabbit muscle glycogen synthase with Ser7 phosphorylated. It is a peptide substrate for Casein Kinase I (CK1). CK1 phosphorylates Ser10. Ser7 is phosphorylated by PKA in vivo.)
PKA Regulatory Subunit II Substrate (RII phosphopeptide) is a tool peptide derived from the regulatory subunit Type II (RII) of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). PKA Regulatory Subunit II Substrate is commonly used to mimic the phosphorylation of protein kinases and as a specificsubstrate for protein phosphatases to assess the activities of these enzymes .
Ac-Nle-Pro-Nle-Asp-AMC is a specificsubstrate for 26S proteasome. Ac-Nle-Pro-Nle-Asp-AMC can be used for the 26S proteasome caspase-like activity analysis .
Benzoyl coenzyme A (Benzoyl CoA) is A derivative of Coenzyme A (CoA) in which the mercaptan group of CoA binds to the benzoyl group. Benzoyl coenzyme A is involved in the catalytic reaction as a substrate for the acyl transfer reaction. Benzoyl coenzyme A is a versatile metabolic intermediate that can be used to reveal substratespecificity of enzymes, metabolic regulation, and drug metabolism .
ssK36 is a supersubstrate peptide of the histone methyltransferase (SET) domain protein 2 (SETD2), and ssK36 is designed for the SETD2 protein, a specific PKMT. It is responsible in human cells for adding methyl groups to the 36th lysine residue of histone H3 (H3K36) to form H3K36me3. ssK36 can be methylated by SETD2 at a rate more than 100 times faster than the natural substrate H3K36. ssK36 can be used to study the catalytic mechanism of PKMTs, especially substratespecificity and catalytic efficiency .
Benzoyl coenzyme A (sodium) is the sodium salt form of Benzoyl coenzyme A (HY-134129). Benzoyl coenzyme A (sodium) is A derivative of Coenzyme A (CoA) in which the mercaptan group of CoA binds to the benzoyl group. Benzoyl coenzyme A (sodium) is involved in the catalytic reaction as a substrate for the acyl transfer reaction. Benzoyl coenzyme A (sodium) is a versatile metabolic intermediate that can be used to reveal substratespecificity of enzymes, metabolic regulation, and drug metabolism .
(E/Z)-Linoleoyl-CoA is a substrate used to study the specificity and kinetics of acyl-CoA. (E/Z)-Linoleoyl-CoA has the ability to replace substrates, and its specificity can be changed by amino acid substitution, thereby affecting the reaction with different desaturases. The study of (E/Z)-Linoleoyl-CoA helps to understand the substratespecificity of mammalian front-end fatty acid desaturases and provides support for the efficient production of value-added fatty acids .
Protein kinase C substrate is a substrate of Protein kinase C, can be used to detect protein. Protein kinase C is a key regulatory element in signal transduction and exerts its effects by catalysing specificsubstrate phosphorylation .
Resorufin methyl ether (Methoxyresorufin) is a cytochrome P450 fluorometric substrate . Resorufin methyl ether is a relatively specificsubstrate for CYP1A2 activity in rodents .
CSK substrate is a specificsubstrate for C-terminal Src kinase (CSK), which binds CSK and downregulates the Src family members. CSK substrate preferentially phosphorylates certain amino acid residues that are distinct from the conserved Src C-terminal sequence .
p60c-src Substrate is an efficient and specificsubstrate for p60c-src protein tyrosine kinase (PTK). p60c-src Substrate can be used to synthesize chimeric branched peptides .
PKCδ Peptide Substrate is an absolutely specificsubstrate for the δ-type of PKC, with a sequence corresponding to sequence 422-443 of murine eEF-1α and containing Thr-431 .
Calpain-1 substrate, fluorogenic serves as a sensitive and specificsubstrate for calpain-1 that cleaves Tyr-Gly bond and results in enhanced fluorescence .(Ex/Em = 490 nm/518 nm)
Boc-GRR-AMC (TFA) is a tri-peptide Substrate. Boc-GRR-AMC can be used for a fluorogenic West Nile virus (WNV) substrate, profiling the substratespecificity for the NS2B-NS3 proteases or determining the pH optimum of LdMC activity .
N-Butylfluorescein is an alkyl-substituted fluorescein, can be used for synthesis of fluorogenic substrates for assaying phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C .
Isocaproaldehyde is a product of side-chain cleavage of cholesterol. Isocaproaldehyde is an endogenous specificsubstrate of mouse vas deferens protein (MVDP) .
Protein Kinase C Peptide Substrate is targeted to a specific cellular compartment in a manner dependent on second messengers and on specific adapter proteins in response to extracellular signals that activate G-protein-coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, or tyrosine kinase-coupled receptors. Protein Kinase C Peptide Substrate then regulates various physiological functions including the activation of nervous, endocrine, exocrine, inflammatory, and immune systems .
Bovine Factor IXa Beta is an inactive and highly specific enzyme, with a minimal extended substrate recognition site and a preference for particular amino acid residues at specific subsites. Bovine Factor IXa Beta plays a role in the blood coagulation cascade .
HSV-1 Protease substrate is a peptide substrate for HSV-1 (Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1) protease, and the specificity constant (kcat/Km) at pH 7.5 for cleavage is 5.2 M -1 s -1 .
Thymine, one of the four bases of DNA, is a substrate for rat liver dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), with a Km value of 2.2 μM, Ki of 24 μM (using 5-FU as the DPD substrate), and a specific activity of 0.68 nmol/min/mg .
YD1342 is a prodrug of YD1130, which exhibits potent inhibitory effects on cellular substrate methylation, breast cancer cell clonogenicity, and tumor growth in animal models, exceeding or matching known PRMT4-specific inhibitors. .
D-Ala-Lys-AMCA is a known proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 (PEPT1)substrate that emits blue fluorescence. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA may be transported into liver cancer cells and Caco-2 cells based on fluorescence analysis. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA can be used for characterizing PEPT1-specificsubstrates or inhibitors (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
D-Ala-Lys-AMCA hydrochloride is a known proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 (PEPT1)substrate that emits blue fluorescence. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA hydrochloride may be transported into liver cancer cells and Caco-2 cells based on fluorescence analysis. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA hydrochloride can be used for characterizing PEPT1-specificsubstrates or inhibitors (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
Himandridine (compound I) is a compound synthesized by a specific chemical reaction and is an intermediate in the synthesis of related alkaloids. The success of its key reaction is sensitive to substrate structure and solvent.
Gly-Pro-AMC hydrobromide is a fluorescent dye, it can be used as a specific fluorescent substrate for detecting Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activity .
D-Ala-Lys-AMCA TFA is a known proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) substrate that emits blue fluorescence. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA TFA may be transported into liver cancer cells and Caco-2 cells based on fluorescence analysis. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA TFA can be used for characterizing PEPT1-specificsubstrates or inhibitors (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
Malantide is a synthetic dodecapeptide derived from the site phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) on the β-subunit of phosphorylase kinase. Malantide is a highly specificsubstrate for PKA with a Km of 15 μM and shows protein inhibitor (PKI) inhibition >90% substrate phosphorylation in various rat tissue extracts . Malantide is also an efficient substrate for PKC with a Km of 16 μM .
6-Azido-6-deoxy-D-galactose, 95% can be used as a substrate in enzymology to study the activity and specificity of galactosyltransferases and other glycosylation enzymes.
β-Methylcrotonyl coenzyme A lithium is an intermediate in leucine metabolism and can be used as a substrate to study the specificity and kinetics of β-methylcrotonyl coenzyme A carboxylase (MCCase) .
FA-Phe-Phe is a furylacryloyl (fa)-amino acid derivative, targeting to Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE). FA-Phe-Phe is also a specificsubstrate of CathepsinA .
smMLCK peptide is a specific inhibitor of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (smMLCK). The smMLCK peptide mimics the substrate and competitively inhibits the binding of the actual substrate to the enzyme, thereby inhibiting the kinase activity. This inhibition prevents the phosphorylation of the myosin light chain, thus inhibiting muscle contraction .
Malantide TFA is a synthetic dodecapeptide derived from the site phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) on the β-subunit of phosphorylase kinase. Malantide TFA is a highly specificsubstrate for PKA with a Km of 15 μM and shows protein inhibitor (PKI) inhibition >90% substrate phosphorylation in various rat tissue extracts . Malantide TFA is also an efficient substrate for PKC with a Km of 16 μM .
MBX-1162 is a bisindole compound. In the study of its resistance mechanism in Staphylococcus aureus, it did not show cross-resistance with related compounds and was related to the substratespecificity of MepA and MepR.
Lyso-PAF C-16 is a substrate of lysoplasmalogen (LysoPls)-specific phospholipase D (LysoPLD). Lyso-PAF C-16 selective acetylates with arachidonic acid .
DYRKtide is a biological active peptide. (Dyrktide is designed as the optimal substrate sequence efficiently phosphorylated by DYRK1A, which is a dual-specificity protein kinase that is thought to be involved in brain development.)
Ser-SNAC TFA is a small-molecule substrate for NRPS C domains. As for NRPSs, refers to nonribosomal peptide synthetases, are large multidomain proteins to catalyze the formation of biologically active natural products. Ser-SNAC TFA can be used for characterizing the substratespecificity of C domain-catalyzed peptide bond formation .
Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC is a thrombin-specific fluorogenic substrate for testing of thrombin generation in PRP and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
6-Phe-ADP is an ATP analog used as a precursor to prepare the corresponding radiolabeled triphosphate for chemical genetics approaches to study substratespecificity and catalytic efficiency of protein kinases .
5-fluoro-dCTP is a fluorinated pyrimidine dNTP that can be used as a substrate for the incorporation of fluorine modification into specific DNA sequences by primer extension (PEX) catalyzed by Pwo polymerase .
Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC acetate is a thrombin-specific fluorogenic substrate for testing of thrombin generation in PRP and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
5-fluoro-dCTP sodium is a fluorinated pyrimidine dNTP that can be used as a substrate for the incorporation of fluorine modification into specific DNA sequences by primer extension (PEX) catalyzed by Pwo polymerase .
Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate lithium is a co-substrate used for the sulfonation of glycans. Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate lithium can be used for Golgi-resident PAP-specific 3'-phosphatase-coupled sulfotransferase assays, which as donor substrate to transfer a sulfonate group .
Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate lithium is a co-substrate used for the sulfonation of glycans. Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate lithium can be used for Golgi-resident PAP-specific 3'-phosphatase-coupled sulfotransferase assays, which as donor substrate to transfer a sulfonate group .
EGTA is a specific calcium ion chelator. EGTA has an apparent calcium dissociation constant (Kd) of 60.5 nM at physiological pH (7.4) and has very high specificity for Ca 2+ over Mg 2+ (Mg 2+ Kd 1-10 mM). EGTA significantly inhibits the substrate adherence capacity of inflammatory macrophages .
MeAIB (α-(Methylamino)isobutyric acid) is a specific?substrate for amino acid transport system A (ATA1). ATA mediate the uptake of short-chain neutral amino acids in a Na +-dependent manner .
3,5-Difluoro-L-tyrosine is a functional, tyrosinase-resistant mimetic of tyrosine. 3,5-Difluoro-L-tyrosine can be used to analyze the substratespecificity of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) .
L-Arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (Arginine 4-methyl-7-coumarylamide) hydrochloride is a specificsubstrate of cathepsin H but not for cathepsins L and B .
EGTA tetrasodium is a specific calcium ion chelator. EGTA tetrasodium has an apparent calcium dissociation constant (Kd) of 60.5 nM at physiological pH (7.4) and has very high specificity for Ca 2+ over Mg 2+ (Mg 2+ Kd 1-10 mM). EGTA tetrasodium significantly inhibits the substrate adherence capacity of inflammatory macrophages .
Ac-KQKLR-AMC (Cathepsin S substrate) is a biological active peptide. (Cathepsins are a class of globular lysosomal proteases, playing a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover. They degrade polypeptides and are distinguished by their substratespecificities. Cathepsin S is a cysteine proteinase involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis, cancer, obesity and related diseases.This peptide is a cathepsin S substrate fluorescently labeled with AMC (Ex/Em=354 nm/442 nm). It can be used to measure cathepsin S activity.)
Boc-Val-Leu-Lys-AMC is a sensitive, fluorogenic, and specificsubstrate of plasmin, as well as acrosin from the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi, porcine calpain isozymes I and II, and papain .
Ac-YVAD-pNA is a specificCaspase-1substrate. Ac-YVAD-pNA can be used to detect Caspase-1 activity. Caspase-1 is a key mediator of inflammatory processes .
Suc-Gly-Pro-AMC is a fluorescent substrate. Suc-Gly-Pro-AMC is a fibroblast activation protein (FAP) specificsubstrate. Suc-Gly-Pro-AMC reacts with recombinant porcine prolyl oligopeptidase. Suc-Gly-Pro-AMC can be used to study the activity of FAP, prolyl endopeptidase (PREP). Suc-Gly-Pro-AMC is used in glioma research .
Palmitoyl thio-PC is a chromogenic substratespecific for PLA2 with a palmitoyl thioester at the sn-2 position. Palmitoyl thio-PC could be used to measure bee-venom sPLA2 activity in a phospholipid system .
Ac-VDVAD-AFC is a caspase-specificfluorescent substrate. Ac-VDVAD-AFC can measure caspase-3-like activity and caspase-2 activity and can be used for the research of tumor and cancer .
Suc-AAP-Abu-pNA (Colorimetric Elastase Substrate) is a specificsubstrate for pancreatic elastase (Km = 100 μM; Kcat/Km = 35,300 s -1 M -1 for rat pancreatic elastase; Km = 30 μM; Kcat/Km = 351,000 s -1 M -1 for porcine pancreatic elastase). Suc-AAP-Abu-pNA also promotes OPC migration .
Ac-VDVAD-AFC TFA is a caspase-specificfluorescent substrate. Ac-VDVAD-AFC TFA can measure caspase-3-like activity and caspase-2 activity and can be used for the research of tumor and cancer .
Glucuronokinase (AtGlcAK) is a member of the GHMP-kinase. Glucuronokinase (AtGlcAK) shows unique substratespecificity for D-glucuronic acid with a Km value of 0.7 mM. Glucuronokinase (AtGlcAK) catalyzes D-glucuronic acid and ATP to produce D-glucuronic acid-1-phosphate and ADP .
TRAP-7 is a thrombin receptor (PAR) activating peptide. TRAP-7 stimulates total inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation and phosphorylation of a specific endogenous substrate for activated PKC. TRAP-7 can be used in cardiovascular disease research .
ARI-3144 is an excellent and specificsubstrate for fibroblast activation protein (FAP). ARI-3144 is usually coupled with the fluorophore 7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin (HY-D0027) (AMC) for detection and quantification of FAP .
(-)-Isocorypalmine (Tetrahydrocolumbamine), isolated from the crude base fraction of Corydalis chaerophylla, is a dopamine receptor ligand . Recombinant CYP719A21 displays strict substratespecificity and high affinity (Km=4.63 ± 0.71 μM) for (-)-Isocorypalmine .
Boc-Val-Arg-AMC is a synthetic peptide compound. As a specific fluorescent substrate, Boc-Val-Arg-AMC can be specifically cleaved by specific enzymes, especially thrombin, to release a fluorescent molecule AMC (7-amino-4-methylcoumarin), which can be used to monitor thrombin activity. Boc-Val-Arg-AMC can be used to detect thrombin activity in plasma samples .
β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase 7 has exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose and all transfer galactose in a β-1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl. .
p-Fluoro-L-phenylalanine (4-Fluoro-L-phenylalanine) is a substrate for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) that can be used to study the regulation of that enzyme. p-Fluoro-L-phenylalanine binds to the L-leucine specific receptor of Escherichia coli (KD=0.26 μM) .
H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA (S-2238) hydrochloride, a chromogenic substrate, is patterned after the N-terminal portion of the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, which is the natural substrate of thrombin. H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA hydrochloride is specific for thrombin and is used to measure antithrombin-heparin cofactor (AT-III). The AT-III assay using H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA hydrochloride is sensitive, accurate, and easy to perform .
H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA (S-2238) acetate, a chromogenic substrate, is patterned after the N-terminal portion of the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, which is the natural substrate of thrombin. H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA acetate is specific for thrombin and is used to measure antithrombin-heparin cofactor (AT-III). The AT-III assay using H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA acetate is sensitive, accurate, and easy to perform .
H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA (S-2238), a chromogenic substrate, is patterned after the N-terminal portion of the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, which is the natural substrate of thrombin. H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA is specific for thrombin and is used to measure antithrombin-heparin cofactor (AT-III). The AT-III assay using H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA is sensitive, accurate, and easy to perform .
H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA (S-2238) dihydrochloride, a chromogenic substrate, is patterned after the N-terminal portion of the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, which is the natural substrate of thrombin. H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA dihydrochloride is specific for thrombin and is used to measure antithrombin-heparin cofactor (AT-III). The AT-III assay using H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA dihydrochloride is sensitive, accurate, and easy to perform .
Thymolphthalein monophosphate disodium hydrate is a chromogenic substrate for the determination of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Thymolphthalein is released during the reaction, increases the pH of the medium for easy detection, produces color and stops hydrolysis. Thymolphthalein monophosphate disodium hydrate can be used for the specific detection of prostatic phosphatase in serum .
Antitumor agent-152 (Compound 5) is a specificsubstrate and inhibitor of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) with anticancer activity. Antitumor agent-152 can inhibit the uptake of 3H-dC in L1210 leukemia cells with an IC50 value of 1.12 μM .
Lipoprotein lipase, Pseudomonas sp (LPL) is a multifunctional enzyme from adipose tissue, heart and skeletal muscle, islets and macrophages. Lipoprotein lipase promotes normal lipoprotein metabolism, delivery and utilization of tissue-specificsubstrates. Lipoprotein lipase catalyzes the rate-limiting step of lipids in blood circulation .
N-Acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro (Ac-SDKP) acetate is a specificsubstrate for the N-terminal active site of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). N-Acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro acetate is a natural inhibitor of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. Anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties .
Highly purified Type I collagen, from canine skin (Canine Type I collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from canine skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type V collagen, from mouse intestine (Mouse Type II collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from mouse intestine, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type I collagen, from porcine skin (Porcine Type I collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from porcine skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type III collagen, from porcine skin (Porcine Type III collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from porcine skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Biotin-aniline is a probe with substantially high reactivity towards RNA and DNA. Biotin-aniline is also a novel APEX2 substrate. Biotin-aniline can label proteins via miniSOG. Biotin-aniline emerges as more efficient probe for capturing subcellular transcriptome in living cells with high spatial specificity .
Highly purified Type I collagen, from rabbit skin (Canine Type I collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from rabbit skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type III collagen, from bovine skin (Bovine Type III collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from bovine skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type I collagen, from rat skin (Rat Type I collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from rat skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified type I collagen, from mouse skin (Mouse Type I collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from mouse skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type I collagen, from chick skin (Chick type I collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from chick skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
DABCYL-GABA-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Pro-Ile-Val-Gln-EDANS is a biological active peptide. (DABCYL-GABA-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Pro-Ile-Val-Gln-EDANS is also called HIV protease substrate I in some literature. It is widely used for the continuous assay for HIV protease activity. The 11-kD protease (PR) encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is essential for the correct processing of viral polyproteins and the maturation of infectious virus, and is therefore a target for the design of selective acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) therapeutics. The FRET-based fluorogenic substrate is derived from a natural processing site for HIV-1 PR. Incubation of recombinant HIV-1 PR with the fluorogenic substrate resulted in specific cleavage at the Tyr-Pro bond and a time-dependent increase in fluorescence intensity that is linearly related to the extent of substrate hydrolysis. The fluorescence quantum yields of the HIV-1 PR substrate in the FRET assay increased by 40.0- and 34.4-fold, respectively, per mole of substrate cleaved. Because of its simplicity and precision in the determination of reaction rates required for kinetic analysis, this substrate offers many advantages over the commonly used HPLC or electrophoresis-based assays for peptide substrate hydrolysis by retroviral PRs. Abs/Em = 340nm/490nm.)
Highly purified Type XI collagen, from porcine articular cartilage (Porcine Type XI collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from porcine articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type XI collagen, from bovine articular cartilage (Bovine Type XI collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from bovine articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified type II collagen, from rat sternal cartilage (Rat Type II collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from rat sternal cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type II collagen, from chick sternal cartilage (Chick Type II collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from chick sternal cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
2'-Deoxy-β-L-uridine is a nucledside analogue and a specificsubstrate for the viral enzyme, shows no stereospecificity against herpes simplex 1 (HSV1) thymidine kinase (TK). 2′-Deoxy-β-L-uridine exerts antiviral activity via the interation of 5'-triphosphates with the viral DNA polymerase .
Highly purified Type IX collagen, from chick articular cartilage (Chick Type IX collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from chick articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type IX collagen, from bovine articular cartilage (Bovine Type IX collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from bovine articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type II collagen, from goat articular cartilage (Goat Type II collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from goat articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type XI collagen, from chick articular cartilage (Chick Type XI collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from chick articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
β1-3 Galactosidase is a highly specific exoglycosidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal β1-3-linked galactose from oligosaccharides and glycoprotein substrates, at a much lower rate, β1-6 linked galactose residues from oligosaccharides .
Highly purified Type II collagen, from sheep articular cartilage (Sheep Type II collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from sheep articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
2'-O-MB-cGMP (2′-O-Monobutyryl-cGMP) sodium is a cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor with an I50 value of 35 µM. 2'-O-MB-cGMP (2′-O-Monobutyryl-cGMP) sodium inhibits Ca 2+ dependent phosphodiesterase hydrolysis using cAMP or cGMP as substrate .
Highly purified Type V collagen, from bovine amnion (Bovine Amnion Type V collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from bovine amnion, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type II collagen, from mouse sternal cartilage (Mouse Type II collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from mouse sternal cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC TFA is the TFA salt form of Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC (HY-P0019). Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC TFA is a thrombin-specific fluorogenic substrate for testing of thrombin generation in PRP and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
Highly purified Type II collagen, from porcine articular cartilage (Porcine Type II collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from porcine articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type IX collagen, from porcine articular cartilage (Porcine Type IX collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from porcine articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
3-Methyl-L-tyrosine is a derivative of L-Tyrosine (HY-N0473). Structurally, 3-Methyl-L-tyrosine features a methyl modification at the third position of the aromatic ring of L-Tyrosine. As a substrate for the protein tyrosine kinase Csk, 3-Methyl-L-tyrosine's relative catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) is 38% of L-Tyrosine, indicating that the methyl modification impacts the processing efficiency of Gsk significantly. 3-Methyl-L-tyrosine helps to deepen the understanding of Gsk's molecular recognition mechanisms of its substrates, which is crucial for developing specific inhibitors targeting Gsk .
PS-915 dihydrochloride is a peptide substrate used in a colorimetric assay for plasma antithrombin III (ATIII). PS-915 dihydrochloride is highly specific for thrombin. By enzyme hydrolysis, PS-915 dihydrochloride liberates 3-carboxy-4-hydroxyaniline (CHA), which turns blue in color due to the complex formation with added alkaline-pentacyanoammine ferroate .
Multi-Leu peptide (ML-peptide) is a potent inhibitor of PACE4 (Ki=22 nM). Multi-Leu peptide can competitively bind to the active site of PACE4 by simulating the substrate sequence of PACE4, thereby inhibiting its catalytic activity. Multi-Leu peptide can be used to study the specific mechanism of PACE4 in the development of prostate cancer .
GPNA hydrochloride is a well known substrate of the enzyme γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT). GPNA hydrochloride is a specific glutamine (Gln) transporter ASCT2 inhibitor. GPNA hydrochloride also inhibit Na +-dependent carriers, such as SNAT family (SNAT1/2/4/5), and the Na +-independent leucine transporters LAT1/2. GPNA reversibly induces apoptosis in A549 cells .
9-Amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine is a pH sensitive fluorescent probe. 9-Amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine has been frequently used to measure changes in vacuolar pH when a specificsubstrate crosses the tonoplast through a putative H +/solute antiport system .
PreQ1-biotin is a biotin conjugated preQ1substrate. PreQ1-biotin is used for RNA-TAG (transglycosylation at guanosine) and DNA-TAG. PreQ1-biotin can be used for affinity tagging and pull-down of specific RNAs that have been modified selectively by E. coli tRNA guanine transglycosylase (TGT) .
Abz-HPGGPQ-EDDnp (Cathepsin K substrate) is a biological active peptide. (Cathepsins are a class of globular lysosomal proteases, playing a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover. They degrade polypeptides and are distinguished by their substratespecificities. Cathepsin K is the lysosomal cysteine protease involved in bone remodeling and resorption. It has potential as a drug target in autoimmune diseases and osteoporosis.This FRET peptide can be used to monitor selectively cathepsin K activity in physiological fluids and cell lysates. Abz-HPGGPQ-EDDnp [where Abz represents o-aminobenzoic acid and EDDnp represents N -(2, 4-dinitrophenyl)-ethylenediamine], a substrate initially developed for trypanosomal enzymes, is efficiently cleaved at the Gly-Gly bond by cathepsin K. This peptide is resistant to hydrolysis by cathepsins B, F, H, L, S and V, Ex/Em=340 nm/420 nm.)
GW604714X is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration supported by pyruvate but not other substrates. GW604714X is a highly specific mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) inhibitor with a Ki <0.1 nM. GW604714X also inhibits L-lactate transport by the plasma membrane monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1), but at concentrations more than 4 orders of magnitude greater than the MPC .
H-D-cis-Hyp-OH (cis-4-Hydroxy-D-proline) is a proline derivative involved in bacterial metabolic pathways and is a substrate for cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline dehydrogenase. H-D-cis-Hyp-OH is a precursor for the synthesis of conformationally constrained PNA adenine monomers and can be used to study the specificity and kinetics of D-alanine dehydrogenase .
Arachidonoyl p-nitroaniline is a substrate for the hydrolysis of p-nitroaniline by FAAH in Dictyostelium discoideum with long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. Arachidonoyl p-nitroaniline can be used in enzyme kinetic studies. Examples include determining the hydrolysis rate of Arachidonoyl p-nitroaniline and analyzing the fatty acid amide hydrolase activity of recombinant His-FAAH purified from Dictyostelium to characterize the binding and catalytic specificity of mammalian FAAH enzymes .
CPI1 is a potent and highly specific multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) inhibitor. CPI1 inhibits MRP1 (Ki: 100 nM) with nanomolar potency but shows minimal inhibition of P-glycoprotein (Pgp). CPI1 and LTC4 compete to bind to the same site of MRP1, inhibiting ATP hydrolysis and substrate transport. CPI1 can be used to study drug delivery and chemotherapy resistance in cancer .
AC3-I, myristoylated is a biological active peptide. (This is a myristoylated form of Autocamtide-3-Derived Inhibitory Peptide (AC3-I), a highly specific inhibitor of Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase ll (CaMKII) that is resistant to proteolysis. AC3-I is derived from Autocamtide-3, a substrate for CaMKII, with the Thr-9 phosphorylation site substituted with Ala.)
IMT1 is a first-in-class specific and noncompetitive human mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT) inhibitor. IMT1 causes a conformational change of POLRMT, which blocks substrate binding and transcription in a dose-dependent way in vitro. IMT1 reduces deoxynucleoside triphosphate levels and citric acid cycle intermediates, resulting in a marked depletion of cellular amino acid levels. IMT1 has the potential for mitochondrial transcription disorders related diseases .
Enpp-1-IN-7 is a potent inhibitor of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 1 (enpp-1). The ENPP 1 has broad specificity and can cleave a variety of substrates, including phosphodiester bonds of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars and pyrophosphate bonds nucleotides and nucleotide sugars. Enpp-1-IN-7 has the potential for the research of cancer and infectious diseases (extracted from patent WO2021203772A1, compound 51) .
Enpp-1-IN-6 is a potent inhibitor of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 1 (enpp-1). The ENPP 1 has broad specificity and can cleave a variety of substrates, including phosphodiester bonds of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars and pyrophosphate bonds nucleotides and nucleotide sugars. Enpp-1-IN-6 has the potential for the research of cancer and infectious diseases (extracted from patent WO2021203772A1, compound 51) .
Zn(II) Mesoporphyrin IX (ZnMP) is a specific activator of ABCB10, significantly increasing its ATPase activity and acting as a substrate for ABCB10 in heme synthesis.
Zn(II) Mesoporphyrin IX may promote the transcription of hemoglobinization genes by facilitating the degradation of the Bach1 repressor.
Zn(II) Mesoporphyrin IX aids in studying the potential roles of ABCB10 in heme synthesis, oxidative stress protection, hepatitis C, and other areas .
Enpp-1-IN-9 is a potent inhibitor of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 1 (enpp-1). The ENPP 1 has broad specificity and can cleave a variety of substrates, including phosphodiester bonds of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars and pyrophosphate bonds nucleotides and nucleotide sugars. Enpp-1-IN-9 has the potential for the research of cancer and infectious diseases (extracted from patent WO2021203772A1, compound 51) .
Enpp-1-IN-8 is a potent inhibitor of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 1 (enpp-1). The ENPP 1 has broad specificity and can cleave a variety of substrates, including phosphodiester bonds of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars and pyrophosphate bonds nucleotides and nucleotide sugars. Enpp-1-IN-8 has the potential for the research of cancer and infectious diseases (extracted from patent WO2021203772A1, compound 51) .
Proteinase K (Protease K) (NGS grade) (EC 3.4.21.64) is a serine protease with high enzyme activity and broad substratespecificity. Proteinase K can preferentially decompose ester bonds and peptide bonds adjacent to the C-terminus of hydrophobic amino acids, sulfur-containing amino acids, and aromatic amino acids, and is often used to degrade proteins to produce short peptides. This product is NGS grade, no Nickase residue, and nucleic acid residue ≤5pg/mg .
Butyrolactone 3 (MB-3) is a specifical small-molecule inhibitor of the histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 (IC50=100 μM), which has a high affinity to the Gcn5 enzyme comparable to that of its natural substrate, histone H3. Butyrolactone 3 shows weak inhibitory on CBP (IC50=0.5 mM). Butyrolactone 3 can be used in studies of cancer, metabolic, autoimmune and neurological diseases .
6-Hexadecanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside is a specific fluorescent substrate with the function of detecting galactosidase activity. 6-Hexadecanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside can be used in biomedical research to observe the efficiency of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. 6-Hexadecanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside is also widely used in the analysis of polysaccharides and carbohydrate enzymology.
T7 RNA polymerase is a polymerase expressed by Escherichia coli from the RNA polymerase gene of T7 bacteriophage. T7 RNA polymerase is highly specific and involved in in vitro transcription (IVT) of mRNA. In the presence of Mg 2+, T7 RNA polymerase only uses the single-stranded or double-stranded DNA containing the T7 promoter sequence as a template, and uses NTP as a substrate to synthesize RNA complementary to the single-stranded DNA downstream of the promoter .
Arachidonoyl Thio-PC is a substrate of many phospholipase A2 (PLA2), including sPLA2, cPLA2 and iPLA2. Cleavage of sn-2 fatty acids by PLA2 results in the production of free thiols, which react with chromogenic reagents such as DTNB (Ellman's reagent) and DTP, allowing quantification of PLA2 activity. Isozyme-specific cPLA2 activity can be measured by depleting or inhibiting sPLA2 and iPLA2 activity in the assay.
Mca-Lys-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dap(Dnp)-Ala-Arg-NH2 (FS-6) is a fluorescent peptide that is a quenched MMP peptide substrate. Mca-Lys-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dap(Dnp)-Ala-Arg-NH2 can be used for real-time quantification of MMP enzymatic activity. Mca-Lys-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dap(Dnp)-Ala-Arg-NH2 is an elongated peptide of MMP substrate (FS-1) and is active against collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13 ) and MT1-MMP with higher specificity constants than FS-1 . (Ex/Em=325 nm/400 nm)
Enpp-1-IN-5 is a potent inhibitor of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 1 (enpp-1). The ENPP 1 has broad specificity and can cleave a variety of substrates, including phosphodiester bonds of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars and pyrophosphate bonds nucleotides and nucleotide sugars. Enpp-1-IN-5 has the potential for the research of cancer and infectious diseases (extracted from patent WO2019046778A1/WO2021203772A1, compound 1) .
PF-5177624 is a specific and potent inhibitor of PDK1, a key enzyme in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway that is frequently dysregulated in breast cancer. PDK1 phosphorylates AKT at T308 and other substrates, activating downstream signaling pathways that are important for tumor progression. PF-5177624 blocks IGF-1-stimulated PDK1 activity and downstream AKT and p70S6K phosphorylation, reducing cell proliferation and transformation in breast cancer cells .
E234G HYPE-IN-1 (Compound I2.10) is an inhibitor of AMPylation directed by the Huntingtin-interacting protein E (HYPE), possessing low micromolar bioactivity, low cytotoxicity, and blood-brain barrier permeability. E234G HYPE-IN-1 can inhibit the AMPylation of B-cell immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), the primary substrate of HYPE. E234G HYPE-IN-1 is suitable for development as a HYPE-specific therapeutic agent for clinical conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes .
Dibenzylfluorescein (DBF) is a fluorogenic probe (Fluoresecent dye) that acts as a substrate for specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, including CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and aromatase (CYP19). Dibenzylfluorescein is typically used near its Km value of 0.87-1.9 μM (Ex=485 nm，Em=535 nm). Dibenzylfluorescein is used to detect changes in CYP catalytic activity caused by drugs or disease .
CaMKI (299-320) refers to a peptide consisting of residues 299-320 of Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I (CaMKI). CaMKI (299-320), as a protein kinase, has a high affinity interaction with Ca 2+-CAM (Kd≤1 nM≤1 nM), which can phosphorylate specificsubstrate proteins, thereby regulating their activity. CaMKI (299-320) contains the CAM-binding domain and the self-inhibition domain, and CaMKI (299-320) can be used to study cell physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis .
L-Hydroxyproline 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin hydrochloride is a fluorescent substrate with biological activity for enzyme activity detection. L-Hydroxyproline 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin hydrochloride is often used in biochemical research to detect reactions associated with specific enzymes. L-Hydroxyproline 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin hydrochloride helps scientists monitor the progress of reactions through its fluorescent properties. L-Hydroxyproline 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin hydrochloride has important application value in compound development and basic biological research.
5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-D-glucopyranoside, a chromogenic substrate for the detection of β-galactosidase activity. It is commonly used in molecular biology techniques such as gene expression analysis and reporter gene analysis. When β-galactosidase cleaves X-Gluc, a blue precipitate is produced, which can be observed by microscopy or other detection methods. X-Gluc has high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of β-galactosidase activity, making it a widely used tool in molecular biology research.
11S(12R)-EET is a dominant enantiomer of epoxytrienoic acid (EET) that is metabolized at a higher rate in rat organs. It shows enantiomeric-dependent reaction selectivity in hydration, especially in the case of 11,12-EET, where water addition is non-regioselective, while in 8,9-EET, water addition occurs mainly at the C9 position. In addition, 11S(12R)-EET generates diol products with specific stereochemistry through enzymatic hydration reactions, which are affected by the selective recognition of epoxidases, reaction conversion rates, and substrate binding parameters .
CARM1-IN-1 (compound 7g) is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of CARM1 (IC50=8.6 μM, CARM1/PABP1), with low inhibitory activity against PRMT1 and SET7 (IC50 >667 μM). CARM1-IN-1 inhibits the methylation activity of CARM1 and the methylation levels of different substrates, such as PABP1, CA150, SmB, and H3. CARM1-IN-1 also inhibits the promoter activity of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) without significant cytotoxicity .
CARM1-IN-1 (compound 7g) hydrochloride is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of CARM1 (IC50=8.6 μM, CARM1/PABP1), with low inhibitory activity against PRMT1 and SET7 (IC50 >667 μM). CARM1-IN-1 hydrochloride inhibits the methylation activity of CARM1 and the methylation levels of different substrates, such as PABP1, CA150, SmB, and H3. CARM1-IN-1 hydrochloride also inhibits the promoter activity of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) without significant cytotoxicity .
RO 16-6491 Free base is a selective, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B), exhibiting high affinity and specificity for binding sites in human frontal cortex mitochondria and platelet membranes. RO 16-6491 demonstrates a fast dissociation of bound radioactivity at 20 degrees C, indicating its dynamic binding properties. RO 16-6491 also acts as a substrate for MAO-B, suggesting that its oxidation may produce a stable intermediate responsible for its potent inhibitory effects. RO 16-6491 serves as an excellent radioligand probe for investigating the regional tissue distribution of MAO-B in various physiological and pathological states.
Silk Fibroin Methacryloyl (FibMA) is methacrylated silk fibroin with excellent biocompatibility, stable mechanical properties and good processing properties, and was selected as the substrate for multifunctional microneedle (MN) patches. . MN patches made of Silk Fibroin Methacryloyl exhibit excellent biocompatibility, sustained drug release, pro-angiogenic, antioxidant and antibacterial properties depending on the specific drug encapsulated . Silk Fibroin Methacryloyl needs to self-assemble into fibrous hydrogel under the action of photoinitiator LAP (HY-44076), and target bioactive adhesion sites, play an inherent supporting role for tissue cells and biodegradable activity. Application: cell culture, biological 3D printing, tissue engineering, etc.
Thermostable T7 RNA Polymerase is a thermostable version of T7 RNA Polymerase (HY-E70090). Compared with T7 RNA Polymerase, it has high temperature resistance and stable activity. T7 RNA polymerase is a polymerase expressed by Escherichia coli from the RNA polymerase gene of T7 bacteriophage. T7 RNA polymerase is highly specific and involved in in vitro transcription (IVT) of mRNA. In the presence of Mg 2+, T7 RNA polymerase only uses the single-stranded or double-stranded DNA containing the T7 promoter sequence as a template, and uses NTP as a substrate to synthesize RNA complementary to the single-stranded DNA downstream of the promoter .
1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene (TRIMETHYL PHLOROGLUCINOL) is an electrophilic substitution reaction substrate targeting free chlorine (Cl +) and free bromine (Br +). 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene has highly selective electrophilic addition characteristics. By capturing halogens, it undergoes specific substitution reactions to generate stable halogenated products. 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene can not only quench residual oxidants, but also quantify the halogen concentration by detecting the product without affecting the stability of redox-sensitive disinfection byproducts (DBPs). 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene is mainly used in water quality testing and quantitative analysis of free chlorine/bromine in water. At the same time, in phytochemistry, it is a key component of rose fragrance and participates in the study of pollination attraction mechanism .
N-[3-(2-Furyl)acryloyl]-Phe-Gly-Gly (FAPGG) is a specificsubstrate of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) with a Ki of 2.546×10 -4 M. It is used as a chromogenic probe for quantitative detection of ACE activity. N-[3-(2-Furyl)acryloyl]-Phe-Gly-Gly can be hydrolyzed by ACE to generate N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-Phe (FAP) and Gly-Gly, and the ACE inhibitory effect is monitored by photometry. FAPGG competitively binds to the active center of ACE and is a key tool for screening ACE inhibitors such as Captopril (HY-B0368) and Dioscorin. Its reversible mechanism of action supports hypertension research and drug development targeting the renin-angiotensin system .
DMP 323 is a potent, nonpeptide cyclic urea inhibitor of HIV protease, effective against both HIV type 1 and type 2. Designed using structural information and database searching, it competitively inhibits the cleavage of both peptide and HIV-1 gag polyprotein substrates. DMP 323 shows comparable potency to other highly effective HIV protease inhibitors like A-80987 and Ro-31-8959. Importantly, its efficacy against HIV protease remains unaffected by human plasma or serum, suggesting low affinity for plasma proteins. Furthermore, DMP 323 demonstrates minimal inhibition of various mammalian proteases at concentrations much higher than those needed for HIV protease inhibition, highlighting its specificity for viral targets .
5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(p-tolyl)porphyrin (TTP) is an organic compound belonging to the class of porphyrins, a cyclic molecule composed of four pyrrole rings linked together. TTP is a synthetic porphyrin commonly used as a sensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cells and a catalyst for organic reactions. Due to its unique structure, TTP has a series of interesting properties, including at specific wavelengths and its potential as a catalyst for various chemical reactions. In dye-sensitized solar cells, TTPs help convert sunlight into electricity by absorbing photons and transferring electrons to the semiconductor layer of the device. In organic chemistry, TTP is often used as a catalyst for various organic compounds in reactions such as oxidation and reduction. Its ability to selectively bind certain substrates makes it a useful tool for synthesizing complex molecules and studying their properties.
5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5mdC) is an endogenous substrate of DNA methyltransferases (such as mammalian 5-C-MTase) and binds to DNA dependent on the formation of DNA stem-loop structures. 5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine guides de novo DNA methylation by acting as a methylation mark and activates the methylation of adjacent CpG sites in single-stranded DNA through cis action. 5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine regulates DNA methylation patterns by recruiting methyltransferases to specific chromatin regions, affecting chromatin condensation and gene expression. Its distribution in plant cells is related to cell proliferation and differentiation stages. The methylation level of 5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine is low in proliferating cells and high in differentiated cells .
2-Chloro-ATP sodium (2-Chloro ATP) is an adenine nucleotide and an analog of ATP. It is an antagonist of the purinergic P2Y1 receptor and inhibits intracellular calcium mobilization induced by ADP (HY-W010918) in Jurkat cells expressing the human receptor (Ki=2.3 μM). 2-Chloro-ATP sodium is an agonist of the purinergic P2X receptor and induces inward currents in HEK293 cells expressing human bladder smooth muscle or rat PC12 forms of the receptor (EC50=0.5 and 2.5 μM). 2-Chloro-ATP sodium induces relaxation of precontracted guinea pig cecal strips in a concentration-dependent manner. 2-Chloro-ATP sodium has been used to study the substratespecificity of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases such as protein kinase A (PKA) and PKG.
NX-5948 (BTK-IN-24) is an orally active chimeric targeting molecule (CTM) that induces specificBTK protein degradation by the cereblon E3 ligase (CRBN) complex without degradation of other cereblon neo-substrates. NX-5948 mediates potent anti-inflammatory activity via BTK degradation with resultant inhibition of B cell activation. NX-5948 exhibits potent tumor growth inhibition in TMD8 xenograft models that contain either wild-type BTK or BTKi-resistant mutations. NX-5948 is efficacious in a mouse collageninduced arthritis (CIA) model. NX-5948 can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). NX-5948 is a PROTAC composed of the ligand for target protein, a linker, and a cereblon E3 ligase (CRBN) complex (Red: BTK ligand (HY-170324); Blue: CRBN ligand (HY-171893); Black: linker) .
Dextran T2 (Dextran 2; Dextran T2(MW 1600-2400)) is a natural high molecular weight polysaccharide, the glycosidic bonds in its structure can be recognized by endo-dextranase and exo-dextranase. Dextran T2 (MW 2,000) breaks the glycosidic bonds in the enzymatic hydrolysis mechanism, releasing products such as D-glucose, Isomaltose (IM2), and Isomaltotriose (IM3). Dextran T2 (MW 2,000) can be used as a model substrate to characterize the catalytic properties of dextranase (such as optimal pH, temperature and product specificity), and to study enzymatic mechanism research and polysaccharide degradation pathways in glycobiology. The Dextran series of compounds are also a natural polysaccharide drug carrier, which can be connected to drugs through covalent bonding methods such as ester bonds, amide bonds or click chemistry, or self-assembled to form carriers such as nanoparticles and hydrogels. Dextran is biodegradable and biocompatible, and can achieve targeted delivery and controlled release of drugs. Dextran derivatives can prolong drug half-life, increase local concentration and reduce immune clearance activity .
Protein phosphorylation is a key post-translational modification underlying the regulation of many cellular processes. Phosphatases and kinases contribute to the regulation of protein phosphorylation homeostasis in the cell. This reversible regulation of protein phosphorylation is critical for the proper control of a wide range of cellular activities, including cell cycle, proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, cell-cell interactions, etc.
Protein phosphatases have evolved in separate families that are structurally and mechanistically distinct. Based on substratespecificity and functional diversity, protein phosphatases are classified into two superfamilies: Protein serine/threonine phosphatases and Protein tyrosine phosphatases. Ser/Thr phosphatases are metalloenzymes belonging to two major gene families termed PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) and PPM (metal-dependent protein phosphatases), whereas protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) belong to distinct classes of enzymes that utilize a phospho-cysteine enzyme intermediate as a part of their catalytic action.
MCE supplies a unique collection of 154 phosphatase inhibitors that mainly targeting protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatases. MCE Phosphatase Inhibitor Library is a useful tool for phosphatase drug discovery and related research.
On May 15, 2024, "Dimerization and antidepressant recognition at noradrenaline transporter" was published online by Nature. The research findings were an effort from Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This study unraveled the important neural system target - the noradrenaline transporter (NET), obtaining the binding modes of human NET homodimers with the natural substrate norepinephrine (NE) and six selective antidepressants. It laid an important theoretical foundation for understanding the physiological regulation mechanisms of NET and other monoamine transporters.
The Norepinephrine Transporter (NET) Compound Library is obtained by computer-aided virtual screening based on the HY-L901 compound library . The specific screening process includes molecular docking screening, key pharmacophore screening, and CNS-MPO screening, which can be used for new drug discovery targeting the noradrenaline transporter.
Resorufin methyl ether (Methoxyresorufin) is a cytochrome P450 fluorometric substrate . Resorufin methyl ether is a relatively specificsubstrate for CYP1A2 activity in rodents .
D-Ala-Lys-AMCA hydrochloride is a known proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 (PEPT1)substrate that emits blue fluorescence. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA hydrochloride may be transported into liver cancer cells and Caco-2 cells based on fluorescence analysis. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA hydrochloride can be used for characterizing PEPT1-specificsubstrates or inhibitors (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
D-Ala-Lys-AMCA is a known proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 (PEPT1)substrate that emits blue fluorescence. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA may be transported into liver cancer cells and Caco-2 cells based on fluorescence analysis. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA can be used for characterizing PEPT1-specificsubstrates or inhibitors (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
Gly-Pro-AMC hydrobromide is a fluorescent dye, it can be used as a specific fluorescent substrate for detecting Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activity .
D-Ala-Lys-AMCA TFA is a known proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) substrate that emits blue fluorescence. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA TFA may be transported into liver cancer cells and Caco-2 cells based on fluorescence analysis. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA TFA can be used for characterizing PEPT1-specificsubstrates or inhibitors (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC is a thrombin-specific fluorogenic substrate for testing of thrombin generation in PRP and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC acetate is a thrombin-specific fluorogenic substrate for testing of thrombin generation in PRP and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
Thymolphthalein monophosphate disodium hydrate is a chromogenic substrate for the determination of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Thymolphthalein is released during the reaction, increases the pH of the medium for easy detection, produces color and stops hydrolysis. Thymolphthalein monophosphate disodium hydrate can be used for the specific detection of prostatic phosphatase in serum .
9-Amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine is a pH sensitive fluorescent probe. 9-Amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine has been frequently used to measure changes in vacuolar pH when a specificsubstrate crosses the tonoplast through a putative H +/solute antiport system .
Dibenzylfluorescein (DBF) is a fluorogenic probe (Fluoresecent dye) that acts as a substrate for specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, including CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and aromatase (CYP19). Dibenzylfluorescein is typically used near its Km value of 0.87-1.9 μM (Ex=485 nm，Em=535 nm). Dibenzylfluorescein is used to detect changes in CYP catalytic activity caused by drugs or disease .
N-[3-(2-Furyl)acryloyl]-Phe-Gly-Gly (FAPGG) is a specificsubstrate of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) with a Ki of 2.546×10 -4 M. It is used as a chromogenic probe for quantitative detection of ACE activity. N-[3-(2-Furyl)acryloyl]-Phe-Gly-Gly can be hydrolyzed by ACE to generate N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-Phe (FAP) and Gly-Gly, and the ACE inhibitory effect is monitored by photometry. FAPGG competitively binds to the active center of ACE and is a key tool for screening ACE inhibitors such as Captopril (HY-B0368) and Dioscorin. Its reversible mechanism of action supports hypertension research and drug development targeting the renin-angiotensin system .
6-Azido-6-deoxy-D-galactose, 95% can be used as a substrate in enzymology to study the activity and specificity of galactosyltransferases and other glycosylation enzymes.
EGTA is a specific calcium ion chelator. EGTA has an apparent calcium dissociation constant (Kd) of 60.5 nM at physiological pH (7.4) and has very high specificity for Ca 2+ over Mg 2+ (Mg 2+ Kd 1-10 mM). EGTA significantly inhibits the substrate adherence capacity of inflammatory macrophages .
L-Arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (Arginine 4-methyl-7-coumarylamide) hydrochloride is a specificsubstrate of cathepsin H but not for cathepsins L and B .
p-Fluoro-L-phenylalanine (4-Fluoro-L-phenylalanine) is a substrate for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) that can be used to study the regulation of that enzyme. p-Fluoro-L-phenylalanine binds to the L-leucine specific receptor of Escherichia coli (KD=0.26 μM) .
β-Methylcrotonyl coenzyme A lithium is an intermediate in leucine metabolism and can be used as a substrate to study the specificity and kinetics of β-methylcrotonyl coenzyme A carboxylase (MCCase) .
Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate lithium is a co-substrate used for the sulfonation of glycans. Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate lithium can be used for Golgi-resident PAP-specific 3'-phosphatase-coupled sulfotransferase assays, which as donor substrate to transfer a sulfonate group .
Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate lithium is a co-substrate used for the sulfonation of glycans. Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate lithium can be used for Golgi-resident PAP-specific 3'-phosphatase-coupled sulfotransferase assays, which as donor substrate to transfer a sulfonate group .
EGTA tetrasodium is a specific calcium ion chelator. EGTA tetrasodium has an apparent calcium dissociation constant (Kd) of 60.5 nM at physiological pH (7.4) and has very high specificity for Ca 2+ over Mg 2+ (Mg 2+ Kd 1-10 mM). EGTA tetrasodium significantly inhibits the substrate adherence capacity of inflammatory macrophages .
β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase 7 has exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose and all transfer galactose in a β-1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc, Glc, and Xyl. .
Highly purified Type I collagen, from canine skin (Canine Type I collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from canine skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type V collagen, from mouse intestine (Mouse Type II collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from mouse intestine, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type I collagen, from porcine skin (Porcine Type I collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from porcine skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type III collagen, from porcine skin (Porcine Type III collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from porcine skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type I collagen, from rabbit skin (Canine Type I collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from rabbit skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type III collagen, from bovine skin (Bovine Type III collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from bovine skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type I collagen, from rat skin (Rat Type I collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from rat skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified type I collagen, from mouse skin (Mouse Type I collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from mouse skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type I collagen, from chick skin (Chick type I collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from chick skin, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type XI collagen, from porcine articular cartilage (Porcine Type XI collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from porcine articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type XI collagen, from bovine articular cartilage (Bovine Type XI collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from bovine articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified type II collagen, from rat sternal cartilage (Rat Type II collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from rat sternal cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type II collagen, from chick sternal cartilage (Chick Type II collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from chick sternal cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type IX collagen, from chick articular cartilage (Chick Type IX collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from chick articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type IX collagen, from bovine articular cartilage (Bovine Type IX collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from bovine articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type II collagen, from goat articular cartilage (Goat Type II collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from goat articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type XI collagen, from chick articular cartilage (Chick Type XI collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from chick articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type II collagen, from sheep articular cartilage (Sheep Type II collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from sheep articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type V collagen, from bovine amnion (Bovine Amnion Type V collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from bovine amnion, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type II collagen, from mouse sternal cartilage (Mouse Type II collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from mouse sternal cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type II collagen, from porcine articular cartilage (Porcine Type II collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from porcine articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Highly purified Type IX collagen, from porcine articular cartilage (Porcine Type IX collagen, immunization grade) is an immune grade collagen derived from porcine articular cartilage, which can stimulate the animal's immune system to produce specific antibodies against this collagen. Collagen is also a substrate for hydrolysis by MMPs .
Zn(II) Mesoporphyrin IX (ZnMP) is a specific activator of ABCB10, significantly increasing its ATPase activity and acting as a substrate for ABCB10 in heme synthesis.
Zn(II) Mesoporphyrin IX may promote the transcription of hemoglobinization genes by facilitating the degradation of the Bach1 repressor.
Zn(II) Mesoporphyrin IX aids in studying the potential roles of ABCB10 in heme synthesis, oxidative stress protection, hepatitis C, and other areas .
6-Hexadecanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside is a specific fluorescent substrate with the function of detecting galactosidase activity. 6-Hexadecanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside can be used in biomedical research to observe the efficiency of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. 6-Hexadecanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside is also widely used in the analysis of polysaccharides and carbohydrate enzymology.
Arachidonoyl Thio-PC is a substrate of many phospholipase A2 (PLA2), including sPLA2, cPLA2 and iPLA2. Cleavage of sn-2 fatty acids by PLA2 results in the production of free thiols, which react with chromogenic reagents such as DTNB (Ellman's reagent) and DTP, allowing quantification of PLA2 activity. Isozyme-specific cPLA2 activity can be measured by depleting or inhibiting sPLA2 and iPLA2 activity in the assay.
L-Hydroxyproline 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin hydrochloride is a fluorescent substrate with biological activity for enzyme activity detection. L-Hydroxyproline 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin hydrochloride is often used in biochemical research to detect reactions associated with specific enzymes. L-Hydroxyproline 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin hydrochloride helps scientists monitor the progress of reactions through its fluorescent properties. L-Hydroxyproline 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin hydrochloride has important application value in compound development and basic biological research.
5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-D-glucopyranoside, a chromogenic substrate for the detection of β-galactosidase activity. It is commonly used in molecular biology techniques such as gene expression analysis and reporter gene analysis. When β-galactosidase cleaves X-Gluc, a blue precipitate is produced, which can be observed by microscopy or other detection methods. X-Gluc has high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of β-galactosidase activity, making it a widely used tool in molecular biology research.
Silk Fibroin Methacryloyl (FibMA) is methacrylated silk fibroin with excellent biocompatibility, stable mechanical properties and good processing properties, and was selected as the substrate for multifunctional microneedle (MN) patches. . MN patches made of Silk Fibroin Methacryloyl exhibit excellent biocompatibility, sustained drug release, pro-angiogenic, antioxidant and antibacterial properties depending on the specific drug encapsulated . Silk Fibroin Methacryloyl needs to self-assemble into fibrous hydrogel under the action of photoinitiator LAP (HY-44076), and target bioactive adhesion sites, play an inherent supporting role for tissue cells and biodegradable activity. Application: cell culture, biological 3D printing, tissue engineering, etc.
5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(p-tolyl)porphyrin (TTP) is an organic compound belonging to the class of porphyrins, a cyclic molecule composed of four pyrrole rings linked together. TTP is a synthetic porphyrin commonly used as a sensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cells and a catalyst for organic reactions. Due to its unique structure, TTP has a series of interesting properties, including at specific wavelengths and its potential as a catalyst for various chemical reactions. In dye-sensitized solar cells, TTPs help convert sunlight into electricity by absorbing photons and transferring electrons to the semiconductor layer of the device. In organic chemistry, TTP is often used as a catalyst for various organic compounds in reactions such as oxidation and reduction. Its ability to selectively bind certain substrates makes it a useful tool for synthesizing complex molecules and studying their properties.
Dextran T2 (Dextran 2; Dextran T2(MW 1600-2400)) is a natural high molecular weight polysaccharide, the glycosidic bonds in its structure can be recognized by endo-dextranase and exo-dextranase. Dextran T2 (MW 2,000) breaks the glycosidic bonds in the enzymatic hydrolysis mechanism, releasing products such as D-glucose, Isomaltose (IM2), and Isomaltotriose (IM3). Dextran T2 (MW 2,000) can be used as a model substrate to characterize the catalytic properties of dextranase (such as optimal pH, temperature and product specificity), and to study enzymatic mechanism research and polysaccharide degradation pathways in glycobiology. The Dextran series of compounds are also a natural polysaccharide drug carrier, which can be connected to drugs through covalent bonding methods such as ester bonds, amide bonds or click chemistry, or self-assembled to form carriers such as nanoparticles and hydrogels. Dextran is biodegradable and biocompatible, and can achieve targeted delivery and controlled release of drugs. Dextran derivatives can prolong drug half-life, increase local concentration and reduce immune clearance activity .
GGGYK-Biotin is a substrate peptide designed to study the substratespecificity of Sortase A. GGGYK-Biotin can be used to develop Sortase A variants with different substratespecificities .
Ac-Nle-Pro-Nle-Asp-AMC is a specificsubstrate for 26S proteasome. Ac-Nle-Pro-Nle-Asp-AMC can be used for the 26S proteasome caspase-like activity analysis .
Prostate Specific Antigen Substrate is a prostate specific antigen (PSA) fluorescent substrate. Prostate Specific Antigen Substrate can be used for detect enzymatic activity of PSA .
Fluorescent Substrate for Pro-Specific Proteases is a fluorescent substrate of pro-specific proteases. Fluorescent Substrate for Pro-Specific Proteases can be used to detect the hydrolysis rate and activity of target enzyme .
CCK1-specific peptide substrate is a biological active peptide. (This peptide sequence is based on rabbit muscle glycogen synthase with Ser7 phosphorylated. It is a peptide substrate for Casein Kinase I (CK1). CK1 phosphorylates Ser10. Ser7 is phosphorylated by PKA in vivo.)
PKA Regulatory Subunit II Substrate (RII phosphopeptide) is a tool peptide derived from the regulatory subunit Type II (RII) of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). PKA Regulatory Subunit II Substrate is commonly used to mimic the phosphorylation of protein kinases and as a specificsubstrate for protein phosphatases to assess the activities of these enzymes .
ssK36 is a supersubstrate peptide of the histone methyltransferase (SET) domain protein 2 (SETD2), and ssK36 is designed for the SETD2 protein, a specific PKMT. It is responsible in human cells for adding methyl groups to the 36th lysine residue of histone H3 (H3K36) to form H3K36me3. ssK36 can be methylated by SETD2 at a rate more than 100 times faster than the natural substrate H3K36. ssK36 can be used to study the catalytic mechanism of PKMTs, especially substratespecificity and catalytic efficiency .
Protein kinase C substrate is a substrate of Protein kinase C, can be used to detect protein. Protein kinase C is a key regulatory element in signal transduction and exerts its effects by catalysing specificsubstrate phosphorylation .
CSK substrate is a specificsubstrate for C-terminal Src kinase (CSK), which binds CSK and downregulates the Src family members. CSK substrate preferentially phosphorylates certain amino acid residues that are distinct from the conserved Src C-terminal sequence .
p60c-src Substrate is an efficient and specificsubstrate for p60c-src protein tyrosine kinase (PTK). p60c-src Substrate can be used to synthesize chimeric branched peptides .
PKCδ Peptide Substrate is an absolutely specificsubstrate for the δ-type of PKC, with a sequence corresponding to sequence 422-443 of murine eEF-1α and containing Thr-431 .
Calpain-1 substrate, fluorogenic serves as a sensitive and specificsubstrate for calpain-1 that cleaves Tyr-Gly bond and results in enhanced fluorescence .(Ex/Em = 490 nm/518 nm)
Boc-GRR-AMC is a tri-peptide Substrate. Boc-GRR-AMC can be used for a fluorogenic West Nile virus (WNV) substrate, profiling the substratespecificity for the NS2B-NS3 proteases or determining the pH optimum of LdMC activity .
Boc-GRR-AMC (TFA) is a tri-peptide Substrate. Boc-GRR-AMC can be used for a fluorogenic West Nile virus (WNV) substrate, profiling the substratespecificity for the NS2B-NS3 proteases or determining the pH optimum of LdMC activity .
Protein Kinase C Peptide Substrate is targeted to a specific cellular compartment in a manner dependent on second messengers and on specific adapter proteins in response to extracellular signals that activate G-protein-coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, or tyrosine kinase-coupled receptors. Protein Kinase C Peptide Substrate then regulates various physiological functions including the activation of nervous, endocrine, exocrine, inflammatory, and immune systems .
HSV-1 Protease substrate is a peptide substrate for HSV-1 (Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1) protease, and the specificity constant (kcat/Km) at pH 7.5 for cleavage is 5.2 M -1 s -1 .
D-Ala-Lys-AMCA is a known proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 (PEPT1)substrate that emits blue fluorescence. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA may be transported into liver cancer cells and Caco-2 cells based on fluorescence analysis. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA can be used for characterizing PEPT1-specificsubstrates or inhibitors (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
D-Ala-Lys-AMCA hydrochloride is a known proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 (PEPT1)substrate that emits blue fluorescence. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA hydrochloride may be transported into liver cancer cells and Caco-2 cells based on fluorescence analysis. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA hydrochloride can be used for characterizing PEPT1-specificsubstrates or inhibitors (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
D-Ala-Lys-AMCA TFA is a known proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) substrate that emits blue fluorescence. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA TFA may be transported into liver cancer cells and Caco-2 cells based on fluorescence analysis. D-Ala-Lys-AMCA TFA can be used for characterizing PEPT1-specificsubstrates or inhibitors (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
Malantide is a synthetic dodecapeptide derived from the site phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) on the β-subunit of phosphorylase kinase. Malantide is a highly specificsubstrate for PKA with a Km of 15 μM and shows protein inhibitor (PKI) inhibition >90% substrate phosphorylation in various rat tissue extracts . Malantide is also an efficient substrate for PKC with a Km of 16 μM .
FA-Phe-Phe is a furylacryloyl (fa)-amino acid derivative, targeting to Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE). FA-Phe-Phe is also a specificsubstrate of CathepsinA .
smMLCK peptide is a specific inhibitor of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (smMLCK). The smMLCK peptide mimics the substrate and competitively inhibits the binding of the actual substrate to the enzyme, thereby inhibiting the kinase activity. This inhibition prevents the phosphorylation of the myosin light chain, thus inhibiting muscle contraction .
Malantide TFA is a synthetic dodecapeptide derived from the site phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) on the β-subunit of phosphorylase kinase. Malantide TFA is a highly specificsubstrate for PKA with a Km of 15 μM and shows protein inhibitor (PKI) inhibition >90% substrate phosphorylation in various rat tissue extracts . Malantide TFA is also an efficient substrate for PKC with a Km of 16 μM .
Kemptide (amide) is a heptapeptide with properties of a cytophilic substrate. Kemptide is a molecule preserving cell membrane intactness, is phosphorylated by PKI, the inhibitory protein specific for cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PK) .
DYRKtide is a biological active peptide. (Dyrktide is designed as the optimal substrate sequence efficiently phosphorylated by DYRK1A, which is a dual-specificity protein kinase that is thought to be involved in brain development.)
Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC is a thrombin-specific fluorogenic substrate for testing of thrombin generation in PRP and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC acetate is a thrombin-specific fluorogenic substrate for testing of thrombin generation in PRP and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
Ac-KQKLR-AMC (Cathepsin S substrate) is a biological active peptide. (Cathepsins are a class of globular lysosomal proteases, playing a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover. They degrade polypeptides and are distinguished by their substratespecificities. Cathepsin S is a cysteine proteinase involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis, cancer, obesity and related diseases.This peptide is a cathepsin S substrate fluorescently labeled with AMC (Ex/Em=354 nm/442 nm). It can be used to measure cathepsin S activity.)
Boc-Val-Leu-Lys-AMC is a sensitive, fluorogenic, and specificsubstrate of plasmin, as well as acrosin from the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi, porcine calpain isozymes I and II, and papain .
Ac-YVAD-pNA is a specificCaspase-1substrate. Ac-YVAD-pNA can be used to detect Caspase-1 activity. Caspase-1 is a key mediator of inflammatory processes .
CCP peptide is a synthetic cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) and used as the substrate for detecting anti-CCP antibodies serologically. CCP peptide functions as a target for autoantibodies with a very high specificity for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) .
Ac-VDVAD-AFC is a caspase-specificfluorescent substrate. Ac-VDVAD-AFC can measure caspase-3-like activity and caspase-2 activity and can be used for the research of tumor and cancer .
CCP peptide TFA is a synthetic cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) and used as the substrate for detecting anti-CCP antibodies serologically. CCP peptide TFA functions as a target for autoantibodies with a very high specificity for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) .
Suc-AAP-Abu-pNA (Colorimetric Elastase Substrate) is a specificsubstrate for pancreatic elastase (Km = 100 μM; Kcat/Km = 35,300 s -1 M -1 for rat pancreatic elastase; Km = 30 μM; Kcat/Km = 351,000 s -1 M -1 for porcine pancreatic elastase). Suc-AAP-Abu-pNA also promotes OPC migration .
Ac-VDVAD-AFC TFA is a caspase-specificfluorescent substrate. Ac-VDVAD-AFC TFA can measure caspase-3-like activity and caspase-2 activity and can be used for the research of tumor and cancer .
TRAP-7 is a thrombin receptor (PAR) activating peptide. TRAP-7 stimulates total inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation and phosphorylation of a specific endogenous substrate for activated PKC. TRAP-7 can be used in cardiovascular disease research .
Z-Gly-Pro-Arg-pNA (z-GPR-pNA) is a photometric substrate in Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) activation protease assays. Z-Gly-Pro-Arg-pNA (z-GPR-pNA) can be used for the test of trypsin activity .
H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA (S-2238) hydrochloride, a chromogenic substrate, is patterned after the N-terminal portion of the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, which is the natural substrate of thrombin. H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA hydrochloride is specific for thrombin and is used to measure antithrombin-heparin cofactor (AT-III). The AT-III assay using H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA hydrochloride is sensitive, accurate, and easy to perform .
H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA (S-2238) acetate, a chromogenic substrate, is patterned after the N-terminal portion of the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, which is the natural substrate of thrombin. H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA acetate is specific for thrombin and is used to measure antithrombin-heparin cofactor (AT-III). The AT-III assay using H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA acetate is sensitive, accurate, and easy to perform .
H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA (S-2238), a chromogenic substrate, is patterned after the N-terminal portion of the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, which is the natural substrate of thrombin. H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA is specific for thrombin and is used to measure antithrombin-heparin cofactor (AT-III). The AT-III assay using H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA is sensitive, accurate, and easy to perform .
H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA (S-2238) dihydrochloride, a chromogenic substrate, is patterned after the N-terminal portion of the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, which is the natural substrate of thrombin. H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA dihydrochloride is specific for thrombin and is used to measure antithrombin-heparin cofactor (AT-III). The AT-III assay using H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA dihydrochloride is sensitive, accurate, and easy to perform .
N-Acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro (Ac-SDKP) acetate is a specificsubstrate for the N-terminal active site of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). N-Acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro acetate is a natural inhibitor of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. Anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties .
DABCYL-GABA-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Pro-Ile-Val-Gln-EDANS is a biological active peptide. (DABCYL-GABA-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Pro-Ile-Val-Gln-EDANS is also called HIV protease substrate I in some literature. It is widely used for the continuous assay for HIV protease activity. The 11-kD protease (PR) encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is essential for the correct processing of viral polyproteins and the maturation of infectious virus, and is therefore a target for the design of selective acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) therapeutics. The FRET-based fluorogenic substrate is derived from a natural processing site for HIV-1 PR. Incubation of recombinant HIV-1 PR with the fluorogenic substrate resulted in specific cleavage at the Tyr-Pro bond and a time-dependent increase in fluorescence intensity that is linearly related to the extent of substrate hydrolysis. The fluorescence quantum yields of the HIV-1 PR substrate in the FRET assay increased by 40.0- and 34.4-fold, respectively, per mole of substrate cleaved. Because of its simplicity and precision in the determination of reaction rates required for kinetic analysis, this substrate offers many advantages over the commonly used HPLC or electrophoresis-based assays for peptide substrate hydrolysis by retroviral PRs. Abs/Em = 340nm/490nm.)
Hyaluronan-IN-1 is a biological active peptide. (This 12 amino acids peptide is a hyaluronan inhibitor (HA), a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan expressed abundantly in the extracellular matrix and on cell surfaces. This peptide shows specific binding to soluble, immobilized, and cell-associated forms of HA, and it inhibits leukocyte adhesion to HA substrates almost completely.)
Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC TFA is the TFA salt form of Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC (HY-P0019). Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC TFA is a thrombin-specific fluorogenic substrate for testing of thrombin generation in PRP and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) (Ex/Em = 390/480 nm) .
Multi-Leu peptide (ML-peptide) is a potent inhibitor of PACE4 (Ki=22 nM). Multi-Leu peptide can competitively bind to the active site of PACE4 by simulating the substrate sequence of PACE4, thereby inhibiting its catalytic activity. Multi-Leu peptide can be used to study the specific mechanism of PACE4 in the development of prostate cancer .
Abz-HPGGPQ-EDDnp (Cathepsin K substrate) is a biological active peptide. (Cathepsins are a class of globular lysosomal proteases, playing a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover. They degrade polypeptides and are distinguished by their substratespecificities. Cathepsin K is the lysosomal cysteine protease involved in bone remodeling and resorption. It has potential as a drug target in autoimmune diseases and osteoporosis.This FRET peptide can be used to monitor selectively cathepsin K activity in physiological fluids and cell lysates. Abz-HPGGPQ-EDDnp [where Abz represents o-aminobenzoic acid and EDDnp represents N -(2, 4-dinitrophenyl)-ethylenediamine], a substrate initially developed for trypanosomal enzymes, is efficiently cleaved at the Gly-Gly bond by cathepsin K. This peptide is resistant to hydrolysis by cathepsins B, F, H, L, S and V, Ex/Em=340 nm/420 nm.)
Myosin light chain kinase fragment 11-19 amide (MLCK(11-19) amide) is a substrate-specific peptide inhibitor of MLCK. Myosin light chain kinase fragment 11-19 amide inhibits hypotonicity-induced Ca 2+ entry. Myosin light chain kinase fragment 11-19 amide can be used in the research of human cervical cancer .
CPI1 is a potent and highly specific multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) inhibitor. CPI1 inhibits MRP1 (Ki: 100 nM) with nanomolar potency but shows minimal inhibition of P-glycoprotein (Pgp). CPI1 and LTC4 compete to bind to the same site of MRP1, inhibiting ATP hydrolysis and substrate transport. CPI1 can be used to study drug delivery and chemotherapy resistance in cancer .
AC3-I, myristoylated is a biological active peptide. (This is a myristoylated form of Autocamtide-3-Derived Inhibitory Peptide (AC3-I), a highly specific inhibitor of Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase ll (CaMKII) that is resistant to proteolysis. AC3-I is derived from Autocamtide-3, a substrate for CaMKII, with the Thr-9 phosphorylation site substituted with Ala.)
Mca-Lys-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dap(Dnp)-Ala-Arg-NH2 (FS-6) is a fluorescent peptide that is a quenched MMP peptide substrate. Mca-Lys-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dap(Dnp)-Ala-Arg-NH2 can be used for real-time quantification of MMP enzymatic activity. Mca-Lys-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dap(Dnp)-Ala-Arg-NH2 is an elongated peptide of MMP substrate (FS-1) and is active against collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13 ) and MT1-MMP with higher specificity constants than FS-1 . (Ex/Em=325 nm/400 nm)
CaMKI (299-320) refers to a peptide consisting of residues 299-320 of Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I (CaMKI). CaMKI (299-320), as a protein kinase, has a high affinity interaction with Ca 2+-CAM (Kd≤1 nM≤1 nM), which can phosphorylate specificsubstrate proteins, thereby regulating their activity. CaMKI (299-320) contains the CAM-binding domain and the self-inhibition domain, and CaMKI (299-320) can be used to study cell physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis .
N-[3-(2-Furyl)acryloyl]-Phe-Gly-Gly (FAPGG) is a specificsubstrate of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) with a Ki of 2.546×10 -4 M. It is used as a chromogenic probe for quantitative detection of ACE activity. N-[3-(2-Furyl)acryloyl]-Phe-Gly-Gly can be hydrolyzed by ACE to generate N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-Phe (FAP) and Gly-Gly, and the ACE inhibitory effect is monitored by photometry. FAPGG competitively binds to the active center of ACE and is a key tool for screening ACE inhibitors such as Captopril (HY-B0368) and Dioscorin. Its reversible mechanism of action supports hypertension research and drug development targeting the renin-angiotensin system .
Lyso-PAF C-16 is a substrate of lysoplasmalogen (LysoPls)-specific phospholipase D (LysoPLD). Lyso-PAF C-16 selective acetylates with arachidonic acid .
(-)-Isocorypalmine (Tetrahydrocolumbamine), isolated from the crude base fraction of Corydalis chaerophylla, is a dopamine receptor ligand . Recombinant CYP719A21 displays strict substratespecificity and high affinity (Km=4.63 ± 0.71 μM) for (-)-Isocorypalmine .
H-D-cis-Hyp-OH (cis-4-Hydroxy-D-proline) is a proline derivative involved in bacterial metabolic pathways and is a substrate for cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline dehydrogenase. H-D-cis-Hyp-OH is a precursor for the synthesis of conformationally constrained PNA adenine monomers and can be used to study the specificity and kinetics of D-alanine dehydrogenase .
1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene (TRIMETHYL PHLOROGLUCINOL) is an electrophilic substitution reaction substrate targeting free chlorine (Cl +) and free bromine (Br +). 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene has highly selective electrophilic addition characteristics. By capturing halogens, it undergoes specific substitution reactions to generate stable halogenated products. 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene can not only quench residual oxidants, but also quantify the halogen concentration by detecting the product without affecting the stability of redox-sensitive disinfection byproducts (DBPs). 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene is mainly used in water quality testing and quantitative analysis of free chlorine/bromine in water. At the same time, in phytochemistry, it is a key component of rose fragrance and participates in the study of pollination attraction mechanism .
5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5mdC) is an endogenous substrate of DNA methyltransferases (such as mammalian 5-C-MTase) and binds to DNA dependent on the formation of DNA stem-loop structures. 5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine guides de novo DNA methylation by acting as a methylation mark and activates the methylation of adjacent CpG sites in single-stranded DNA through cis action. 5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine regulates DNA methylation patterns by recruiting methyltransferases to specific chromatin regions, affecting chromatin condensation and gene expression. Its distribution in plant cells is related to cell proliferation and differentiation stages. The methylation level of 5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine is low in proliferating cells and high in differentiated cells .
Isocaproaldehyde is a product of side-chain cleavage of cholesterol. Isocaproaldehyde is an endogenous specificsubstrate of mouse vas deferens protein (MVDP) .
Himandridine (compound I) is a compound synthesized by a specific chemical reaction and is an intermediate in the synthesis of related alkaloids. The success of its key reaction is sensitive to substrate structure and solvent.
β-Methylcrotonyl coenzyme A lithium is an intermediate in leucine metabolism and can be used as a substrate to study the specificity and kinetics of β-methylcrotonyl coenzyme A carboxylase (MCCase) .
11S(12R)-EET is a dominant enantiomer of epoxytrienoic acid (EET) that is metabolized at a higher rate in rat organs. It shows enantiomeric-dependent reaction selectivity in hydration, especially in the case of 11,12-EET, where water addition is non-regioselective, while in 8,9-EET, water addition occurs mainly at the C9 position. In addition, 11S(12R)-EET generates diol products with specific stereochemistry through enzymatic hydration reactions, which are affected by the selective recognition of epoxidases, reaction conversion rates, and substrate binding parameters .
HCLS1, a substrate of antigen receptor-coupled tyrosine kinase, is pivotal in lymphoid cell antigen receptor signaling, influencing clonal expansion and deletion. Beyond signaling, it may regulate gene expression. HCLS1 forms associations with LCK, LYN, and ANKRD54, exhibiting intricate involvement in signaling networks. Interactions with FES/FPS and FGR add to its functional complexity, emphasizing its role in diverse cellular processes. HCLS1 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is the recombinant human-derived HCLS1 protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-6*His labeled tag.
Thymine, one of the four bases of DNA, is a substrate for rat liver dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), with a Km value of 2.2 μM, Ki of 24 μM (using 5-FU as the DPD substrate), and a specific activity of 0.68 nmol/min/mg .
Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate lithium is a co-substrate used for the sulfonation of glycans. Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate lithium can be used for Golgi-resident PAP-specific 3'-phosphatase-coupled sulfotransferase assays, which as donor substrate to transfer a sulfonate group .
Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate lithium is a co-substrate used for the sulfonation of glycans. Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate lithium can be used for Golgi-resident PAP-specific 3'-phosphatase-coupled sulfotransferase assays, which as donor substrate to transfer a sulfonate group .
2'-Deoxy-β-L-uridine is a nucledside analogue and a specificsubstrate for the viral enzyme, shows no stereospecificity against herpes simplex 1 (HSV1) thymidine kinase (TK). 2′-Deoxy-β-L-uridine exerts antiviral activity via the interation of 5'-triphosphates with the viral DNA polymerase .
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