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Pathways Recommended: Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel
Results for "

Ca ion

" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:

50

Inhibitors & Agonists

1

Screening Libraries

7

Fluorescent Dye

5

Biochemical Assay Reagents

5

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3

Natural
Products

4

Isotope-Labeled Compounds

Cat. No. Product Name Target Research Areas Chemical Structure
  • HY-101896
    Fluo-4 AM
    25+ Cited Publications

    Fluorescent Dye Others
    Fluo-4 AM is a cell-permeable Ca 2+ (calcium ion) indicator .
    Fluo-4 AM
  • HY-100928

    Calcium Channel Neurological Disease
    YS 035 hydrochloride is a Ca 2+ antagonist on cellular uptake and mitochondrial efflux of calcium ions. YS 035 hydrochloride inhibits Ca 2+ uptake by muscle cells and inhibits Na +/Ca 2+ exchange (Ki=28 µM). YS 035 hydrochloride is a useful tool for research on the mitochondrial Ca 2+ transport .
    YS 035 hydrochloride
  • HY-101897
    Fura-2 AM
    5+ Cited Publications

    Fura-2 Acetoxymethyl ester

    Fluorescent Dye Others
    Fura-2 AM is a high affinity, intracellular, UV light-excitable and ratiometric fluorescent Ca 2+ (calcium ion) indicator.
    Fura-2 AM
  • HY-10171
    NPS-2143 hydrochloride
    15+ Cited Publications

    SB-262470A hydrochloride

    CaSR Metabolic Disease
    NPS-2143 hydrochloride (SB-262470A hydrochloride), an orally active calcilytic agent, is a selective and potent calcium ion-sensing receptor (CaSR) antagonist. NPS-2143 hydrochloride (SB-262470A hydrochloride) blocks increases in cytoplasmic Ca 2+ concentrations (IC50=43 nM) elicited by activating the Ca 2+ receptor in HEK 293 cells expressing the human Ca 2+ receptor .
    NPS-2143 hydrochloride
  • HY-10007
    NPS-2143
    15+ Cited Publications

    SB-262470A

    CaSR Metabolic Disease
    NPS-2143 (SB-262470A), an orally active calcilytic agent, is a selective and potent calcium ion-sensing receptor (CaSR) antagonist. NPS-2143 (SB-262470A) blocks increases in cytoplasmic Ca 2+ concentrations (IC50=43 nM) elicited by activating the Ca 2+ receptor in HEK 293 cells expressing the human Ca 2+ receptor .
    NPS-2143
  • HY-P0190A
    Iberiotoxin TFA
    1 Publications Verification

    Potassium Channel Others
    Iberiotoxin (TFA) is a selective high conductance high conductance Ca 2+-activated K + channel inhibitor with a Kd of ~1 nM. Iberiotoxin (TFA) does not block other types of voltage-dependent ion channels .
    Iberiotoxin TFA
  • HY-162005

    Cholinesterase (ChE) Neurological Disease
    AChE-IN-48 (compound 16) is AChE inhibitor ,with the IC50 of 41.87 μM. AChE-IN-48 can be used for Alzheimer's disease study .
    AChE-IN-48
  • HY-168377

    Fluorescent Dye Others
    Fluo-4 potassium is a cell-permeable Ca 2+ (calcium ion) indicator (λex=494 nm, λem=516 nm) .
    Fluo-4 potassium
  • HY-19857

    Calcium Channel Potassium Channel Sodium Channel Neurological Disease
    Sulcardine (sulfate) is a novel multi-ion channel blocker with activity against Na +, K + and Ca 2+ channels. Sulcardine has antiarrhythmic activity .
    Sulcardine sulfate
  • HY-142117

    Calcium Channel Others
    Adenophostin A is a potent inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptor agonist, which binds to IP3 receptors with high affinity and effectively stimulates the release of calcium ions (Ca 2+) .
    Adenophostin A
  • HY-D0716
    Fluo-3AM
    5+ Cited Publications

    Fluo-3-pentaacetoxymethyl ester

    Fluorescent Dye Others
    Fluo-3 AM is a fluorecent Ca 2+ chelator, with high affinity for calcium. Fluo-3 AM can specifically identify intracellular calcium ions, with high sensitivity, low cytotoxicity, increased AM acetylmethyl ester can enter the cell well, after being sheared by the intracellular esterase stay in the cell to bind to calcium ions, produce strong fluorescence .
    Fluo-3AM
  • HY-119287

    Fluorescent Dye Others
    TSQ is a cytosolic zinc ion fluorescence probe that is membrane permeable and can be used for intracellular imaging of zinc proteins (λmax ~470 nm). TSQ can combine with Zn 2+ in the presence of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ to produce blue fluorescence .
    TSQ
  • HY-101902

    Quin-2 acetoxymethyl ester

    Fluorescent Dye Others
    Quin-2AM is a fluorecent Ca 2+ chelator, with high affinity for calcium. Quin-2AM can specifically identify intracellular calcium ions, with high sensitivity, low cytotoxicity, increased AM acetylmethyl ester can enter the cell well, after being sheared by the intracellular esterase stay in the cell to bind to calcium ions, produce strong fluorescence .
    Quin-2AM
  • HY-D1498
    Mag-Fluo-4 AM
    1 Publications Verification

    Fluorescent Dye Others
    Mag-Fluo-4 AM is a fluorecent Ca 2+ chelator, with high affinity for calcium. Mag-Fluo-4 AM can specifically identify intracellular calcium ions, with high sensitivity, low cytotoxicity, increased AM acetylmethyl ester can enter the cell well, after being sheared by the intracellular esterase stay in the cell to bind to calcium ions, produce strong fluorescence .
    Mag-Fluo-4 AM
  • HY-W019981B

    MgCl2 hexahydrate, for molecular biology

    Calcium Channel Biochemical Assay Reagents Metabolic Disease
    Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2 hexahydrate), for molecular biology is the hexahydrate form of magnesium dichloride. Magnesium chloride hexahydrate can be used as a source of magnesium ion and a co-foactor for many enzymes. Magnesium chloride hexahydrate increases the activity of Ca 2+ ATPase .
    Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, for molecular biology
  • HY-161104
    Kv2.1-IN-1
    1 Publications Verification

    Potassium Channel Neurological Disease
    Kv2.1-IN-1 (compound 80) is a potent inhibitor of Kv2.1, with the IC50 value of 0.07 μM, selectivity >130 fold over other K +, Na +, and Ca 2+ ion channels .
    Kv2.1-IN-1
  • HY-113658

    Endogenous Metabolite Others
    ts-SA is a carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor with activity against seven human CA homologues. ts-SA can bind to the Zn(II) ion in the enzyme active site in a deprotonated form. The organic skeleton of ts-SA extends in the enzyme cavity and participates in multiple interactions with amino acid residues and water molecules. Due to its structural differences, the inhibitory performance of ts-SA is significantly better than that of another pyridine derivative. ts-SA exhibits low nanomolar inhibitory activity and is a multi-target CA inhibitor .
    ts-SA
  • HY-Z0478
    (-)-Limonene
    1 Publications Verification

    (S)-(-)-Limonene

    Bacterial Antibiotic CaMK Infection Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease
    (-)-Limonene ((S)-(-)-Limonene) is orally active and can cause mild bronchoconstriction. (-)-Limonene alleviates cytosolic and mitochondrial oxidative stress by inhibiting the increase of calcium ions (Ca 2+) and Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). It also exerts anti-stress effects by inhibiting the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Additionally, (-)-Limonene can be used as an antibacterial agent in aquaculture .
    (-)-Limonene
  • HY-15084B
    Dizocilpine
    Maximum Cited Publications
    32 Publications Verification

    MK-801

    iGluR Neurological Disease
    Dizocilpine (MK-801), a potent anticonvulsant, is a selective and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, with a Kd of 37.2 nM in rat brain membranes. Dizocilpine acts by binding to a site located within the NMDA associated ion channel and thus prevents Ca 2+ flux .
    Dizocilpine
  • HY-P0190
    Iberiotoxin
    1 Publications Verification

    Potassium Channel Cardiovascular Disease
    Iberiotoxin is a toxin isolated from Buthus tamulus scorpion venom. Iberiotoxin is a selective high conductance high conductance Ca 2+-activated K + channel inhibitor with a Kd of ~1 nM. Iberiotoxin does not block other types of voltage-dependent ion channels .
    Iberiotoxin
  • HY-W019981C

    MgCl2 hexahydrate, for cell culture

    Calcium Channel Biochemical Assay Reagents Metabolic Disease
    Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2 hexahydrate), for cell culture is the hexahydrate form of magnesium dichloride. Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, for cell culture can be used as a source of magnesium ion and a co-foactor for many enzymes. Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, for cell culture increases the activity of Ca 2+ ATPase .
    Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, for cell culture
  • HY-132191

    Fungal SARS-CoV HIV Infection
    Pradimicin A (PRM-A) is a potent antifungal agent, with an MIC of 4 μg/mL against Candida rugosa. Pradimicin A has antiviral activities against CoV, HIV and other enveloped viruses. Pradimicin A shows aggregation property, and can recognize d-Man in the presence of Ca 2+ ion .
    Pradimicin A
  • HY-147377

    Calcium Channel ERK Potassium Channel Guanylate Cyclase NF-κB Cardiovascular Disease Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
    N-Salicyloyltryptamine acts on voltage-dependent Na +, Ca 2+, and K + ion channels inhibitor. N-Salicyloyltryptamine inhibits K + currents with an IC50 value of 34.6 μM (Ito). N-Salicyloyltryptamine also exhibits anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and vasorelaxation effect - .
    N-Salicyloyltryptamine
  • HY-B0246
    Carbamazepine
    10+ Cited Publications

    CBZ; NSC 169864

    Sodium Channel Autophagy Mitophagy Potassium Channel Calcium Channel HDAC Neurological Disease Cancer
    Carbamazepine is an orally active pressure-sensitive sodium ion channel blocker with an IC50 of 131 μM. Carbamazepine blocks voltage gated Na +, Ca 2+, and K + channels, and is also a HDAC inhibitor (IC50: 2 μM). Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and can be used for research of epilepsy and neuropathic pain .
    Carbamazepine
  • HY-118387

    Potassium Channel Neurological Disease
    AVE-0118 is a nonselective Kv1.5 blocker with an IC50 of 1.1 μM. AVE-0118 is a multichannel inhibitor with weak, micromolar activity against Kv1.5 and other ion channels. It is inactive against IKs, IKATP, and L-type Ca+ channels .
    AVE-0118
  • HY-121366

    RU-15525

    Calcium Channel Others
    Kadethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid that acts as an insecticide. Kadethrin can affect the binding of [3H] full-histamine toxin ([3H]H12-HTX) to the nicotinic acetylcholine (Ach) receptor/channel binding sites, and it inhibits the Ca 2+ flux through the receptor ion channels .
    Kadethrin
  • HY-D0861
    EGTA
    15+ Cited Publications

    Biochemical Assay Reagents Inflammation/Immunology
    EGTA is a specific calcium ion chelator. EGTA has an apparent calcium dissociation constant (Kd) of 60.5 nM at physiological pH (7.4) and has very high specificity for Ca 2+ over Mg 2+ (Mg 2+ Kd 1-10 mM). EGTA significantly inhibits the substrate adherence capacity of inflammatory macrophages .
    EGTA
  • HY-162501

    Piezo Channel Inflammation/Immunology
    Yaddle1 is an agonist of the mechano-activated ion channel (Piezo1) with a half-maximal effective concentration (MEC50) of 0.40 μM. Yaddle1 can significantly trigger Ca 2+ inflow in T cells and induce T cell activation response. Yaddle1 can be used in the study of vaccine adjuvants .
    Yaddle1
  • HY-D0861A

    Biochemical Assay Reagents Inflammation/Immunology
    EGTA tetrasodium is a specific calcium ion chelator. EGTA tetrasodium has an apparent calcium dissociation constant (Kd) of 60.5 nM at physiological pH (7.4) and has very high specificity for Ca 2+ over Mg 2+ (Mg 2+ Kd 1-10 mM). EGTA tetrasodium significantly inhibits the substrate adherence capacity of inflammatory macrophages .
    EGTA tetrasodium
  • HY-P5914

    WaTx

    TRP Channel Neurological Disease
    Wasabi Receptor Toxin is a cell-penetrating scorpion toxin. Wasabi Receptor Toxin is the activator for TRPA1 ion channel with EC50 in nanomolar level, and prolongs the channel open time, but reduces Ca 2+ permeability. Wasabi Receptor Toxin causes thermal hypersensitivity and mechanical allodynia in rats, without triggering neurogenic inflammation .
    Wasabi Receptor Toxin
  • HY-B2217D

    Bacterial Biochemical Assay Reagents Inflammation/Immunology
    Calcium hydroxide, ACS, 95% has high bactericidal activity and high pH. Calcium hydroxide, ACS, 95% has ability to induce hard tissue formation. Calcium hydroxide, ACS, 95% can dissociate into calcium (Ca) and hydroxyl ions (OH). Calcium hydroxide, ACS, 95% has the potential for intra-canal medicament research .
    Calcium hydroxide, ACS, 95%
  • HY-103442

    DAPH

    EGFR Amyloid-β Neurological Disease Cancer
    CGP52411 (DAPH) is a high selective, potent, orally active and ATP-competitive EGFR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.3 μM. CGP52411 blocks the toxic influx of Ca 2+ ions into neuronal cells, and dramatic inhibits and reverses the formation of β-amyloid (Aβ42) fibril aggregates associated with Alzheimer's disease .
    CGP52411
  • HY-A0082

    Difenidol hydrochloride

    mAChR Sodium Channel Neurological Disease
    Diphenidol hydrochloride (Difenidol hydrochloride) is a non-selective muscarinic M1-M4 receptor antagonist, has anti-arrhythmic activity. Diphenidol hydrochloride is also a potent non-specific blocker of voltage-gated ion channels (Na +, K +, and Ca 2+) in neuronal cells. Diphenidol hydrochloride can be used in the study of antivertigo and antinausea .
    Diphenidol hydrochloride
  • HY-A0270

    mAChR Sodium Channel Neurological Disease
    Diphenidol is a non-selective muscarinic M1-M4 receptor antagonist, has anti-arrhythmic activity. Diphenidol is also a potent non-specific blocker of voltage-gated ion channels (Na +, K +, and Ca 2+) in neuronal cells. Diphenidol can be used in the study of antivertigo and antinausea .
    Diphenidol
  • HY-B0246R

    Sodium Channel Autophagy Mitophagy Potassium Channel Calcium Channel HDAC Neurological Disease Cancer
    Carbamazepine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Carbamazepine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Carbamazepine is an orally active pressure-sensitive sodium ion channel blocker with an IC50 of 131 μM. Carbamazepine blocks voltage gated Na +, Ca 2+, and K + channels, and is also a HDAC inhibitor (IC50: 2 μM). Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and can be used for research of epilepsy and neuropathic pain .
    Carbamazepine (Standard)
  • HY-B1221
    Flufenamic acid
    5+ Cited Publications

    COX AMPK Potassium Channel Chloride Channel Calcium Channel Parasite Inflammation/Immunology
    Flufenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), activates AMPK, and also modulates ion channels, blocking chloride channels and L-type Ca 2+ channels, modulating non-selective cation channels (NSC), activating K + channels. Flufenamic acid binds to the central pocket of TEAD2 YBD and inhibits both TEAD function and TEAD-YAP-dependent processes, such as cell migration and proliferation.
    Flufenamic acid
  • HY-118148

    Potassium Channel Cardiovascular Disease
    UK-66914, is a class III antiarrhythmic agent that specifically acts on the delayed rectifier potassium current (I_K). UK-66914 is designed to prolong action potential duration (APD) and increase cardiac refractory period, thereby potentially terminating the reentry mechanism in arrhythmias without affecting the serious side effects of antiarrhythmic drugs associated with other ion channels such as Na+ and Ca2+ currents .
    UK-66914
  • HY-N1369R

    Calcium Channel Neurological Disease Cancer
    Menthol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Menthol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Menthol is an analgesic and TRPM8 modulator. TRPM8 is a cold temperature sensing ion channel, and Menthol can regulate TRPM8 to exert analgesic and anti-irritation mechanisms. Menthol stimulates cold receptors and produces a cooling sensation by inhibiting Ca++ currents in neuronal cell membranes. Menthol also improves oral nicotine rejection in mice .
    Menthol (Standard)
  • HY-A0082R

    mAChR Sodium Channel Neurological Disease
    Diphenidol (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Diphenidol (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Diphenidol hydrochloride (Difenidol hydrochloride) is a non-selective muscarinic M1-M4 receptor antagonist, has anti-arrhythmic activity. Diphenidol hydrochloride is also a potent non-specific blocker of voltage-gated ion channels (Na+, K+, and Ca2+) in neuronal cells. Diphenidol hydrochloride can be used in the study of antivertigo and antinausea [4] .
    Diphenidol (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-158779

    SSP4

    Fluorescent Dye Others
    Sulfane sulfur probe 4 (SSP4) is a fluorescent probe used to detect sulfane sulfur species (Ex/Em=494/515 nm). Sulfane sulfur probe 4 exhibits high sensitivity in detecting sulfane sulfur, even in the presence of other substances such as homocysteine, methionine, cysteine, glutathione, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, glycine, tyrosine, tryptophan, arginine, and metal ions (Fe 2+, Fe 3+, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, and Zn 2+) .
    Sulfane sulfur probe 4
  • HY-B1221S

    Isotope-Labeled Compounds COX AMPK Potassium Channel Chloride Channel Calcium Channel Parasite Inflammation/Immunology
    Flufenamic acid-d4 is deuterium labeled Flufenamic acid. Flufenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), activates AMPK, and also modulates ion channels, blocking chloride channels and L-type Ca 2+ channels, modulating non-selective cation channels (NSC), activating K+ channels. Flufenamic acid binds to the central pocket of TEAD2 YBD and inhibits both TEAD function and TEAD-YAP-dependent processes, such as cell migration and proliferation.
    Flufenamic acid-d4
  • HY-N9484S

    Drug Metabolite Isotope-Labeled Compounds Others
    Menthofuran- 13C2 is 13C labeled Menthol (HY-N1369). Menthol is an analgesic and TRPM8 modulator. TRPM8 is a cold temperature sensing ion channel, and Menthol can regulate TRPM8 to exert analgesic and anti-irritation mechanisms. Menthol stimulates cold receptors and produces a cooling sensation by inhibiting Ca ++ currents in neuronal cell membranes. Menthol also improves oral nicotine rejection in mice .
    Menthofuran-13C2
  • HY-B1221R

    COX AMPK Potassium Channel Chloride Channel Calcium Channel Parasite Inflammation/Immunology
    Flufenamic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Flufenamic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Flufenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), activates AMPK, and also modulates ion channels, blocking chloride channels and L-type Ca 2+ channels, modulating non-selective cation channels (NSC), activating K + channels. Flufenamic acid binds to the central pocket of TEAD2 YBD and inhibits both TEAD function and TEAD-YAP-dependent processes, such as cell migration and proliferation.
    Flufenamic acid (Standard)
  • HY-B1221S1

    Isotope-Labeled Compounds COX AMPK Potassium Channel Chloride Channel Calcium Channel Parasite Inflammation/Immunology
    Flufenamic acid- 13C6 is the 13C6 labeled Flufenamic acid. Flufenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), activates AMPK, and also modulates ion channels, blocking chloride channels and L-type Ca 2+ channels, modulating non-selective cation channels (NSC), activating K+ channels. Flufenamic acid binds to the central pocket of TEAD2 YBD and inhibits both TEAD function and TEAD-YAP-dependent processes, such as cell migration and proliferation.
    Flufenamic acid-13C6
  • HY-P5914A

    WaTx TFA

    TRP Channel Neurological Disease
    Wasabi Receptor Toxin TFA (WaTx TFA) is the TFA salt form of Wasabi Receptor Toxin (HY-P5914). Wasabi Receptor Toxin TFA is a cell-penetrating scorpion toxin. Wasabi Receptor Toxin TFA is the activator for TRPA1 ion channel with EC50 in nanomolar level, and prolongs the channel open time, but reduces Ca 2+ permeability. Wasabi Receptor Toxin TFA causes thermal hypersensitivity and mechanical allodynia in rats, without triggering neurogenic inflammation .
    Wasabi Receptor Toxin TFA
  • HY-A0082S

    Difenidol hydrochloride-d10

    Isotope-Labeled Compounds Sodium Channel mAChR Neurological Disease
    Diphenidol-d10 (hydrochloride) (Difenidol hydrochloride-d10) is deuterium labeled Diphenidol (hydrochloride). Diphenidol hydrochloride (Difenidol hydrochloride) is a non-selective muscarinic M1-M4 receptor antagonist, has anti-arrhythmic activity. Diphenidol hydrochloride is also a potent non-specific blocker of voltage-gated ion channels (Na +, K +, and Ca 2+) in neuronal cells. Diphenidol hydrochloride can be used in the study of antivertigo and antinausea .
    Diphenidol-d10 hydrochloride
  • HY-136190

    TRP Channel Neurological Disease
    TRPC6-PAM-C20 is a selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of TRPC6 channels. TRPC6-PAM-C20 is a potent enhancer of channel activation, enabling low basal concentrations of DAG to induce activation of the ion channel. TRPC6-PAM-C20 induces increases in intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations ([Ca 2+]i) in TRPC6-expressing HEK293 cells with an EC50 of 2.37 μM. TRPC6-PAM-C20 can be used as a valuable tool to selectively exaggerate TRPC6-dependent signals .
    TRPC6-PAM-C20
  • HY-17442

    Azaerythromycin A; Desmethyl Azithromycin

    Bacterial Antibiotic Infection
    Azathramycin (Desmethyl Azithromycin) is a macrolide antibiotic. Azathramycin is a derivative of the anti-ribosomal antibiotic Azithromycin (HY-17506). Azathramycin exerts its antibacterial activity by binding to ribosomes and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Azathramycin can selectively target and kill human senescent fibroblasts and is expected to be used in anti-aging research. Azathramycin affects multiple ion channels such as SCN5A, hERG, KCNQ1 + KCNE1, L-type Ca ++ and Kir2.1 .
    Azathramycin
  • HY-111527

    Calcium Channel Neurological Disease
    PPZ2 is a diacylglycerol (DAG)-activated TRPC3/TRPC6/TRPC7 channel activator with activity in promoting neuronal development and survival. PPZ2 activates recombinant TRPC3/TRPC6/TRPC7 channels in a dose-dependent manner without affecting other TRPC channels. PPZ2 elicits cation currents and calcium ion (Ca(2+)) influx in cultured central neurons. PPZ2 is able to induce BDNF-like neurite outgrowth and neuroprotection, an effect that disappears after TRPC3/TRPC6/TRPC7 knockdown or inhibition. PPZ2 also increases the activation of the calcium-dependent transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein. The effects of PPZ2 suggest that calcium signaling mediated by activation of DAG-activated TRPC channels plays an important role in its neurotrophic effects .
    PPZ2
  • HY-P5712
    Gramicidin S
    1 Publications Verification

    Gramicidin soviet

    Antibiotic Bacterial Na+/K+ ATPase Infection
    Gramicidin S (Gramicidin soviet) is a cationic cyclic peptide antibiotic that selectively targets bacterial cell membranes and has anticancer activity. Gramicidin S also exerts antibacterial activity by destroying membrane integrity and interfering with membrane protein function. Gramicidin S inserts into the phospholipid bilayer through hydrophobic amino acid residues, specifically binds to negatively charged membrane lipids and disrupts membrane structure, thereby inhibiting cell division and cell wall synthesis, and ultimately causing bacterial death. Gramicidin S also inhibits ion channels, with IC50s of 41 μM, 24 μM, and 3 μM for Na +/K +-ATPase, tobacco leaf plasma membrane Mg 2+/K +-ATPase, and rat heart plasma membrane Ca 2+-ATPase, respectively .
    Gramicidin S

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