2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Caspase

Caspase

Caspase

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Caspase is a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammation. There are two types of apoptotic caspases: initiator (apical) caspases and effector (executioner) caspases. Initiator caspases (e.g., CASP2, CASP8, CASP9, and CASP10) cleave inactive pro-forms of effector caspases, thereby activating them. Effector caspases (e.g., CASP3, CASP6, CASP7) in turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell, to trigger the apoptotic process. The initiation of this cascade reaction is regulated by caspase inhibitors. CASP4 and CASP5, which are overexpressed in some cases of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases caused by NALP1 variants, are not currently classified as initiator or effector in MeSH, because they are inflammatory enzymes that, in concert with CASP1, are involved in T-cell maturation.

Caspase Isoform Specific Products:

Caspase Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-123929
    PAWI-2
    		Activator 99.29%
    PAWI-2 is a p53-Activator and Wnt Inhibitor. PAWI-2 inhibits β3-KRAS signaling independent of KRAS. PAWI-2 selectively inhibits phosphorylation of TBK1. PAWI-2 activates apoptosis (activation of caspase-3/7), and induces PARP cleavage. PAWI-2 promotes optineurin translocation into the nucleus and causes G2/M arrest. PAWI-2 reverses cancer stemness and overcomes drug resistance in an integrin β3 KRAS-dependent human pancreatic cancer stem cells (hPCSCs). PAWI-2 inhibits growth of tumors from hPCSCs in orthopic xenograft mice model.
    PAWI-2
  • HY-134008
    Protoapigenone
    		Activator 99.84%
    Protoapigenone is an antineoplastic agent isolated from ferns. Protoapigenone has significant inhibitory activity against Hep G2, Hep 3B, MCF-7, A549 and MDAMB-231, with IC50s values of 1.60, 0.23, 0.78, 3.88 and 0.27 μg/mL respectively.
    Protoapigenone
  • HY-P10103
    Smac-N7 peptide
    		98.88%
    Smac-N7 peptide, the seven N-terminal amino acid of the mitochondrial protein Smac (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase), cannot pass through the cell membrane.
    Smac-N7 peptide
  • HY-RS01952
    CASP3 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A
    		Inhibitor

    CASP3 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for CASP3 gene (Human), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control.
    CASP3 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A
  • HY-P4449
    Ac-VRPR-AMC
    Ac-VRPR-AMC is a fluorogenic metacaspase substrate. Ac-VRPR-AMC can be used to tests metacaspase activity.
    Ac-VRPR-AMC
  • HY-N6651
    Isocryptotanshinone
    		≥98.0%
    Isocryptotanshinone is a dual STAT3 and PTP1B (IC50 = 56.1 μM) inhibitor. Isocryptotanshinone inhibits STAT3 by binding to the STAT3 SH2 domain to block phosphorylation and nuclear translocation[1][2]. Isocryptotanshinone exerts its anti-proliferative effect via the induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and pro-death autophagy, through the regulation of STAT3, AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways[1][3][4]. Isocryptotanshinone suppresses the xenograft gastric cancer (GC) tumor growth in BALB/c nude mice. Isocryptotanshinone can be used for cancer research, such as lung cancer, breast cancer and GC[1][3][4].
    Isocryptotanshinone
  • HY-P10145
    Ac-LEVD-pNA
    		99.17%
    Ac-LEVD-pNA is a chromogenic substrate for caspase-4 and can be used to detect caspase-4 activity.
    Ac-LEVD-pNA
  • HY-147889
    BBR-BODIPY
    		Activator 98.15%
    BBR-BODIPY is a fluorescent probe that allows screening its interaction with the targeted cells. BBR-BODIPY induces apoptosis and changes the expression of apoptosis-related proteins.
    BBR-BODIPY
  • HY-N5033
    17-Hydroxy sprengerinin C
    		Inhibitor 99.68%
    17-Hydroxy sprengerinin C (compound 10) is a glycoside compound isolated from rhizomes of Polygonatum sibiricum. 17-Hydroxy sprengerinin C possesses stronger anticancer activities. 17-Hydroxy sprengerinin C reduces the expression of Blc-2 and pro-caspase3 and increases the production of Bax.
    17-Hydroxy sprengerinin C
  • HY-X0009A
    Tambiciclib dimaleate
    		Activator
    Tambiciclib (GFH009, JSH-009) dimaleate is an orally active, highly potent and selective CDK9 inhibitor (IC50 = 1 nM), demonstrating >200-fold selectivity over other CDKs, >100-fold selectivity over DYRK1A/B, and excellent selectivity over 468 kinases/mutants. Tambiciclib dimaleate demonstrates potent in vitro and in vivo antileukemic efficacy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) mouse models by inhibiting RNA Pol II phosphorylation, downregulating MCL1 and MYC, and inducing apoptosis. Tambiciclib dimaleate can be used for AML research.
    Tambiciclib dimaleate
  • HY-N1904
    4′-Hydroxywogonin
    		Inhibitor 98.22%
    4′-Hydroxywogonin (8-Methoxyapigenin), a flavonoid, could be isolated from a variety of plants including Scutellaria barbata and Verbena littoralis. 4′-Hydroxywogonin has anti-inflammatory activity via TAK1/IKK/NF-κB, MAPKs and PI3/AKT signaling pathways. 4′-Hydroxywogonin inhibits angiogenesis by disrupting PI3K/AKT signaling. 4′-Hydroxywogonin inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.
    4′-Hydroxywogonin
  • HY-129159
    (-)-Clerosterol
    		Activator 99.80%
    (-)-Clerosterol is a natural product that can be isolated from Codium fragile.
    (-)-Clerosterol
  • HY-P3761
    Ac-Tyr-Val-Lys-Asp-aldehyde
    		Inhibitor 99.89%
    Ac-Tyr-Val-Lys-Asp-aldehyde is a reversible caspase-1 inhibitor. Ac-Tyr-Val-Lys-Asp-aldehyde increases GATA1 levels by inhibiting caspase-1 and promotes erythroid differentiation. can be used for disease research including anemia-associated to chronic diseases, chemotherapy-induced anemia and Diamond-Blackfan anemia.
    Ac-Tyr-Val-Lys-Asp-aldehyde
  • HY-161470
    WS-384
    		Agonist 98.23%
    WS-384 is a dual LSD1 and DCN1-UBC12 protein-protein interaction inhibitor with oral activity, with IC50 values of 338.79 nM and 14.81 nM, respectively. WS-384 possesses anticancer activity and can cause cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, and induce apoptosis. WS-384 can be used in the research of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
    WS-384
  • HY-N2490
    Dehydrotrametenolic acid
    		Activator 99.95%
    Dehydrotrametenolic acid is a sterol isolated from the sclerotium of Poria cocos. Dehydrotrametenolic acid induces apoptosis through caspase-3 pathway. Dehydrotrametenolic acid has anti-tumor activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic effects.
    Dehydrotrametenolic acid
  • HY-W106456
    3-Methoxy-9H-Carbazole
    		Activator 99.64%
    3-Methoxy-9H-Carbazole induces caspase-3 activities and the cellular generation of eactive oxygen species. 3-Methoxy-9H-Carbazole inhibits cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.
    3-Methoxy-9H-Carbazole
  • HY-14521B
    Lometrexol hydrate
    		Inducer 99.20%
    Lometrexol (DDATHF) hydrate, an antipurine antifolate, can inhibit the activity of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT) but do not induce detectable levels of DNA strand breaks. Lometrexol hydrate can further inhibit de novo purine synthesis, causing abnormal cell proliferation and apoptosis, even cell cycle arrest. Lometrexol hydrate has anticancer activity. Lometrexol hydrate also is a potent human Serine hydroxymethyltransferase1/2 (hSHMT1/2) inhibitor.
    Lometrexol hydrate
  • HY-176763
    KZR-261
    		Activator
    KZR-261 is a Sec61 inhibitor. KZR-261 directly binds to the Sec61 channel to potently inhibit the biogenesis of a subset of Sec61 client proteins. KZR-261 has a broad antitumor activity (such as colorectal pancreas and prostate cancer), along with the activation of an endoplasmic reticulum stress response, with minimal adverse effects on normal cells. KZR-261 significantly induces apoptosis of H929 cells. KZR-261 potently inhibits tumor growth in multiple xenograft tumor mice models with good tolerance.
    KZR-261
  • HY-146548
    Anticancer agent 43
    		Inducer 98.58%
    Anticancer Agent 43 is a potent anticancer agent. Anticancer Agent 43 induces apoptosis by caspase 3, PARP1, and Bax dependent mechanisms. Anticancer Agent 43 induces DNA damage.
    Anticancer agent 43
  • HY-169172
    Bfl-1-IN-5
    		Activator
    Bfl-1-IN-5 (Compound (R,R,S)-26) is a selective inhibitor for Bfl-1 with an IC50 of 0.022 μM. Bfl-1-IN-5 promotes the caspase-3/7 activity with an EC50 of 0.37 μM, and inhibits the cell viability of SU-DHL-1 with an EC50 of 1.3 μM.
    Bfl-1-IN-5
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download Caspase Signaling Pathway Map.

Upon binding to their cognate ligand, death receptors such as Fas and TRAILR can activate initiator Caspases (Pro-caspase 8 and Pro-caspase 10) through dimerization mediated by adaptor proteins such as FADD and TRADD. Active Caspase 8 and Caspase 10 then cleave and activate the effector Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. ROS/DNA damage and ER stress trigger Caspase 2 activation. Active Caspase 2 cleaves and activates Caspase 3 and initiates apoptosis directly. Caspase 2, 8 and 10 can also cleave Bid, stimulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Following MOMP, mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins such as Smac and Cytochrome C are released into the cytosol. Cytochrome C interacts with Apaf-1, triggering apoptosome assembly, which activates Caspase 9. Active Caspase 9, in turn, activates Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. Mitochondrial release of Smac facilitates apoptosis by blocking the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. 

 

Following the binding of TNF to TNFR1, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I. Formation of the complex IIa and complex IIb is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer in complex IIa and complex IIb generates active Caspase 8. This active Caspase 8 in the cytosol then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis[1][2]. 

 

Reference:

[1]. Thomas C, et al. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discovery volume 3, Article number: 17032 (2017).
[2]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74.

Caspase Isoform Comparison

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