2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0154R
    Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is a synthetic glycoside chalcone, is added to various foods and beverages as a low caloric artificial sweetener.
    Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (Standard)
  • HY-N13707
    3′-Hydroxytectorigenin-7-O-β-D-xylosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside
    		Inhibitor
    3′-Hydroxytectorigenin-7-O-β-D-xylosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside is an antioxidant that can be found in Pueraria montana var. lobata. It exhibits DPPH radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 42 μg/mL.
    3′-Hydroxytectorigenin-7-O-β-D-xylosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside
  • HY-W779800
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid-13C5 disodium
    		Activator
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid-13C5 disodium is the 13C-labeled D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid (HY-113038). Radioactive isotopes labeled compounds can be used in metabolic analysis, allowing the movement of individual atoms to be precisely tracked and quantified.
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>5</sub> disodium
  • HY-100642R
    3-O-Methyltolcapone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    3-O-Methyltolcapone (Standard) (Ro 40-7591 (Standard)) is the analytical standard of 3-O-Methyltolcapone (HY-174062). 3-O-Methyltolcapone (Ro 40-7591) is a metabolite of Tolcapone (HY-17406). Tolcapone (Ro 40-7592) is a selective, potent and orally active COMT inhibitor with an IC50of 773 nM. Tolcapone can inhibits α-syn and Aβ42 oligomerization and fibrillogenesis. Tolcapone can cause oxidative stress and induce cancer cells apoptosis and ROS production. Tolcapone can be used for the researches of cancer and neurological disease, such as Parkinson disease and neuroblastoma.
    3-O-Methyltolcapone (Standard)
  • HY-119687R
    Bifenazate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Bifenazate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bifenazate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bifenazate is a carbazate acaricide that control 100% of mites at a concentration of 25 ppm. Bifenazate is a positive allosteric modulator of GABA receptor. Bifenazate is the inhibitor for the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III.
    Bifenazate (Standard)
  • HY-N0487R
    Glucosamine sulfate (Standard)
    Glucosamine (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glucosamine (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glucosamine sulfate (D-Glucosamine sulfate) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine sulfate also is a natural constituent of glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage matrix and synovial fluid, which when administered exogenously, exerts pharmacological effects on osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes.
    Glucosamine sulfate (Standard)
  • HY-N0683S6
    α-Vitamin E-d11
    		Inhibitor
    α-Vitamin E-d11 ((+)-α-Tocopherol-d11) is the deuterium labeled α-Vitamin E (HY-N0683). α-Vitamin E ((+)-α-Tocopherol), a naturally occurring vitamin E form, is a potent antioxidant.
    α-Vitamin E-d<sub>11</sub>
  • HY-N8210R
    Homoeriodictyol (Standard)
    		Agonist
    Homoeriodictyol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Homoeriodictyol (HY-N8210). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Homoeriodictyol is an orally active, bitter-tasting flavanone that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Homoeriodictyol enhances synaptic-related protein expression through NCOA4-mediated ferritin autophagy. Homoeriodictyol improves memory impairment in mice by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. Homoeriodictyol protects human endothelial cells from oxidative damage by activating Nrf2 and inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction. Homoeriodictyol enhances ROS activity and induces apoptosis, exhibiting anticancer effects. Homoeriodictyol inhibits the survival and migration of androgen-resistant prostate cancer cells in vitro. Homoeriodictyol exerts antinociceptive activity in mice in vivo.
    Homoeriodictyol (Standard)
  • HY-119666
    Rooperol
    		Activator
    Rooperol is a norlignan analog with antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Rooperol induces apoptosis in CSCs through a mitochondrial-induced increase in ROS and a p53-dependent pathway, while also downregulating the expression of key stem cell regulatory factors, such as Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2, ultimately exerting its anticancer effects.
    Rooperol
  • HY-N13167
    3-Keto-tirucall-8,24-dien-21-oic acid
    		Inhibitor
    3-Keto-tirucall-8,24-dien-21-oic acid is a tetracyclic triterpene compound that can be isolated from frankincense. 3-Keto-tirucall-8,24-dien-21-oic acid has activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-ulcer, memory improvement, and antioxidant properties.
    3-Keto-tirucall-8,24-dien-21-oic acid
  • HY-136386R
    N-Acetyl-D-cysteine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    N-Acetyl-D-cysteine (Standard) is the analytical standard of N-Acetyl-D-cysteine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. N-Acetyl-D-cysteine has antioxidant activities and scavenges ROS through the reaction with its thiol group, but cannot enter the glutathione metabolic pathway.
    N-Acetyl-D-cysteine (Standard)
  • HY-173356
    Antiparasitic agent-26
    Antiparasitic agent-26 (Compound 8) is an antiparasitic compound that potently inhibits the growth of Naegleria fowleri, with IC50 values of 22.87 μM (trophozoite stage) and 25.16 μM (cyst stage). Antiparasitic agent-26 exerts its antiparasitic activity by inducing programmed cell death, including cytoplasmic calcium accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, ATP synthesis inhibition, ROS accumulation, and chromatin condensation. Antiparasitic agent-26 can be used in the research of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).
    Antiparasitic agent-26
  • HY-113149
    Argininosuccinic acid
    		Inducer
    Argininosuccinic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the urea cycle, and its level is associated with argininosuccinic aciduria. Argininosuccinic acid can induce oxidative stress, leading to lipid and protein oxidation, reduction of glutathione, and decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity. Argininosuccinic acid can be converted into guanidinosuccinic acid, a nitric oxide mimic, under the action of nitric oxide-derived free radicals. Argininosuccinic acid can be used in the research of metabolic diseases, renal failure, nervous system diseases, etc.
    Argininosuccinic acid
  • HY-148965A
    PtdIns-(3)-P1 (1,2-dipalmitoyl) ammonium
    PtdIns-(3)-P1 (1,2-dipalmitoyl) (Compound 7) ammonium is a derivative of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P). phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate can bind to the FYVE domain of human EEA1 and act as a second messenger in cellular signaling and membrane trafficking. phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate can stimulate ROS formation by regulating the neutrophil oxidase complex.
    PtdIns-(3)-P1 (1,2-dipalmitoyl) ammonium
  • HY-170688
    Antibacterial agent 119
    		Activator
    Antibacterial agent 119 (Compound 21 g) is an antibacterial candidate against Methicillin (HY-121544)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MICs less than 1 μg/mL against tested strains). Antibacterial agent 119 induces ROS production. Antibacterial agent 119 also acts on the bacterial cell membrane to cause membrane breakage. Antibacterial agent 119 exhibits potent antibacterial activity with low cytotoxicity, rapid bactericidal ability, and good in vivo antibacterial activity.
    Antibacterial agent 119
  • HY-119695S
    Simvastatin acid-d6
    		Inhibitor
    Simvastatin acid-d6 (Tenivastatin-d6) is deuterium labeled Simvastatin acid. Simvastatin acid (Tenivastatin), a hydrolysate of Simvastatin (HY-17502), is a HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitor. Simvastatin acid reduces Indoxyl sulfate-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human cardiomyocytes. Simvastatin acid can also modulates OATP3A1 expression in cardiomyocytes and HEK293 cells transfected with the OATP3A1 gene.
    Simvastatin acid-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-103701AR
    L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium (Standard)
    L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (magnesium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (magnesium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium (2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid magnesium) is a?long-acting?vitamin?C?derivative?that can stimulate collagen formation and expression. L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium (2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid magnesium) can be used as a culture medium supplement for the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells (hASCs). L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium (2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid magnesium) increases alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression of runx2A in hASCs during the osteogenic differentiation.
    L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium (Standard)
  • HY-12538R
    Graveoline (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Graveoline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Graveoline (HY-12538). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Graveoline (Rutamine) is an orally active alkaloid with various activities such as antifungal, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. Graveoline can induce tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy through a reactive oxygen species-mediated pathway. Graveoline has an MIC of 500 μg/mL for Candida albicans. Graveoline can be used in the research of various diseases such as tumors and liver injury.
    Graveoline (Standard)
  • HY-A0169AR
    Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Activator
    Methyl aminolevulinate (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Methyl aminolevulinate (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride is an agent used as a sensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methyl aminolevulinate is a proagent that can be metabolized to Protoporphyrin IX.
    Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-172602
    ROS inducer 9
    		Inducer
    ROS inducer 9 (compound 4e) is an antibacterial agent with a MIC value of 0.25 μg/mL against E. coli. ROS inducer 9 kills bacteria by inhibiting GSH activity and increasing ROS levels. ROS inducer 9 shows low toxicity to erythrocytes and RAW 264.7 cells.
    ROS inducer 9
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity