2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W075770
    Nickel(II) oxide
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Nickel(II) oxide is a chemical compound which nanoparticle form (NiO NPs) exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmanial, anti-diabetic and anticancer activities. NiO NPs can be activated by ultraviolet and visible light to generate reactive oxygen species, which may be the main cause for the antimicrobial potential.
    Nickel(II) oxide
  • HY-N0805R
    Alisol B 23-acetate (Standard)
    		Activator
    Alisol B 23-acetate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Alisol B 23-acetate (HY-N0805). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Alisol B 23-acetate is an orally active prototerpane-type triterpenoid. Alisol B 23-acetate can be isolated from Alisma orientalis. Alisol B 23-acetate induces Apoptosis, promotes ROS generation, downregulates CDK4/6, MMP-2/9, upregulates cleaved PARP, activates FXR and inhibits Syk. Alisol B 23-acetate has anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. Alisol B 23-acetate protects the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Alisol B 23-acetate has anticancer activity against ovarian cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and gastric cancer. Alisol B 23-acetate can be used in the study of atherosclerosis and allergic asthma.
    Alisol B 23-acetate (Standard)
  • HY-130668
    Cyanidin arabinoside
    Cyanidin arabinoside is an antioxidant agent, that exhibits a Trolox (HY-101445) equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of 1.286.
    Cyanidin arabinoside
  • HY-100607AR
    Landiolol hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Landiolol (ONO1101) hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Landiolol hydrochloride (HY-100607A). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Landiolol (ONO1101) hydrochloride is a highly selective, ultra-short-acting competitive inhibitor of β1 adrenergic receptors. Landiolol hydrochloride specifically blocks cardiac β1 receptors, reducing heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption. Landiolol hydrochloride inhibits TNF-α-induced excessive mitochondrial oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen species production in a sepsis model, alleviating renal injury. Landiolol hydrochloride has little effect on cardiac ion channels (such as L-type calcium current and inward rectifier potassium current) and has a weak negative inotropic effect. Landiolol hydrochloride can be used for perioperative tachycardia control and protection studies of sepsis-related acute kidney injury.
    Landiolol hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B0612AR
    Lercanidipine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Lercanidipine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lercanidipine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lercanidipine is a third-generation, lipophilic, brain-penetrant, vascular-selective and orally active dihydropyridine-calcium channel blocker with a pIC50 of 7.74 (converts from μM). Lercanidipine has long lasting antihypertensive action as well as reno- and neuro-protective effect. Lercanidipine also shows anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. Lercanidipine can be used in cardiovascular and neurological research.
    Lercanidipine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-121214
    Amisulbrom
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Amisulbrom is a sulfonamide fungicide used to control oomycete diseases. Amisulbrom inhibits the cytochrome-bc1 complex of the mitochondrial electron transport system.
    Amisulbrom
  • HY-175364
    Antiparasitic agent-27
    		Inducer
    Antiparasitic agent-27 (Compound 2) is a potent antiparasitic agent targeting Leishmania infantum (IC50=3.1 μM). Antiparasitic agent-27 induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation to trigger programmed cell death. Antiparasitic agent-27 is promising for research of visceral leishmaniasis (VL).
    Antiparasitic agent-27
  • HY-N0894R
    Octahydrocurcumin (Standard)
    Octahydrocurcumin is a hydrogenated derivative of curcumin and a metabolite of curcumin.
    Octahydrocurcumin (Standard)
  • HY-162818
    Antibacterial agent 237
    		Activator
    Antibacterial agent 237 (compound Ru-8) is a bacteriostatic agent for Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC of 0.78-1.56 μg/mL. Antibacterial agent 237 destroys bacterial cell membranes, changes their permeability, and induces bacteria to produce Reactive Oxygen Species, leading to bacterial death without causing drug resistance. Antibacterial agent 237 has low hemolytic toxicity to rabbit red blood cells and Raw 264.7 cells, and has significant antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus in mouse skin wound infection models and Bacillus major larvae infection models.
    Antibacterial agent 237
  • HY-N15382
    Prebetanin
    Prebetanin (Betanin 6'-O-sulphate) is a pigment with antioxidant activities. Prebetanin can be isolated from beetroot.
    Prebetanin
  • HY-13619S
    Efaproxiral-d6
    		Modulator
    Efaproxiral-d6 is the deuterium labeled Efaproxiral. Efaproxiral (RSR13) is a haemoglobin (Hb) synthetic allosteric modifier, decreases Hb-oxygen (O2) binding affinity and enhances oxygenation of hypoxic tumours during radiation therapy.
    Efaproxiral-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-B0831R
    Buprofezin (Standard)
    		Activator
    Buprofezin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Buprofezin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Buprofezin is a broad-spectrum insecticide and chitin synthesis inhibitor that targets developmental stage coleopteran pests.Buprofezin promotes the conversion of energy metabolism from the aerobic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis. Buprofezin also promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase.
    Buprofezin (Standard)
  • HY-P0119S
    Lixisenatide (Leu-13C6,15N) TFA
    		Inhibitor
    Lixisenatide (Leu-13C6,15N) TFA is the 13C- and 15N-labeled Lixisenatide (HY-P0119). Lixisenatide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. Lixisenatide inhibits the inflammatory response through down regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and suppresses of the Akt-MEK1/2 signaling pathway. Lixisenatide can inhibit oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Lixisenatide can be used for the researches of inflammation, metabolic disease, neurological disease and cardiovascular disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis.
    Lixisenatide (Leu-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N) TFA
  • HY-127022A
    Anisodine hydrobromide
    		Inhibitor
    Anisodine (Daturamine) hydrobromide is a neuroprotective compound that reduces exacerbated M1, M2, M4, and M5 receptor expression in brain tissues under hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions. Anisodine hydrobromide inhibits calcium ion influx and reactive oxygen species (ROS)levels. Anisodine hydrobromide leads to decreased aspartate levels during hypoxia.
    Anisodine hydrobromide
  • HY-121214R
    Amisulbrom (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Amisulbrom (Standard) is the analytical standard of Amisulbrom (HY-121214). Amisulbrom is a fungicide. Amisulbrom can inhibit the cytochrome-bc1 complex of the mitochondrial electron and induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Amisulbrom can induce cell apoptosis, ROS production and cause G2/M phase arrest. Amisulbrom shows cardiovascular toxicity to zebrafish. Amisulbrom can be used for the researches of infection and cardiovascular disease.
    Amisulbrom (Standard)
  • HY-B1978R
    Iprodione (Standard)
    		Activator
    Iprodione (Standard) is the analytical standard of Iprodione. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Iprodione is an orally active diformimide fungicide. Iprodione can specifically cause oxidative damage by producing free radicals (ROS). Iprodione is also an antiandrogen agent that delays adolescent development in rats and reduces sexual behavior and reproductive ability in rats.
    Iprodione (Standard)
  • HY-N1980R
    3'-Hydroxypuerarin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    3'-Hydroxypuerarin (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3'-Hydroxypuerarin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3'-Hydroxypuerarin is an isoflavone isolated from the roots of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi. 3'-Hydroxypuerarin is a antioxidant, which shows marked ONOO(-), NO?, total ROS scavenging activities.
    3'-Hydroxypuerarin (Standard)
  • HY-175862
    ALR2-IN-9
    		Modulator
    ALR2-IN-9 is a potent ALR2 inhibitor (IC50 = 21.8 nM) with excellent antioxidant activity (EC50 for DPPH radical scavenging = 2.8 μM). ALR2-IN-9 interacts directly with Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)/Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) and interrupts the free radical chain reactions, and as an endogenous enzymatic antioxidant regulator, which regulates enzyme functions of CAT and SOD. ALR2-IN-9 regulates PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway to attenuate hyperglycemia-mediated mitochondrial superoxide overproduction in vitro, and ameliorates CuSO4- and H2O2-induced oxidative stress in vivo. ALR2-IN-9 prolongs lifespan of C. elegans via the regulation of stress response genes such as PMK-1. ALR2-IN-9 is a promising anti-aging drug candidate. ALR2-IN-9 can be used for diabetic complication research.
    ALR2-IN-9
  • HY-N4095R
    Brevifolincarboxylic acid (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Brevifolincarboxylic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Brevifolincarboxylic acid (HY-N4095). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Brevifolincarboxylic acid is a phenolic compound. Brevifolincarboxylic acid can be isolated from Duchesnea chrysantha. Brevifolincarboxylic acid inhibits α-glucosidase with an IC50 value of 323.46 μM. Brevifolincarboxylic acid has an inhibitory effect on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Brevifolincarbacid scavenges ROS. Brevifolincarbacid restores the glucose uptake activity of myotubes. Brevifolincarboxylic acid has antitumor activity against lung and gastric cancer. Brevifolincarbacid can be used in the study of diabetes and inflammatory diseases.
    Brevifolincarboxylic acid (Standard)
  • HY-10498R
    Lexibulin (Standard)
    		Activator
    Lexibulin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lexibulin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lexibulin (CYT-997) is a potent and orally active tubulin polymerisation inhibitor with IC50s of 10-100 nM in cancer cell lines; with potent cytotoxic and vascular disrupting activity in vitro and in vivo. Lexibulin induces cell apoptosis and induces mitochondrial ROS generation in GC cells.
    Lexibulin (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity