2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-75342R
    Methyl vanillate (Standard)
    Methyl vanillate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Methyl vanillate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Methyl vanillate, one of the ingredients in Oryza sativa Linn., is a Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator[1]. A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of vanillic acid. It has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite.
    Methyl vanillate (Standard)
  • HY-N7059A
    Lactobionic acid calcium dihydrate
    Lactobionic acid calcium dihydrate is a biomimetic acid found in Caspian yogurt, chemically composed of gluconic acid bonded to galactose. Lactobionic acid calcium dihydrate has antioxidant, antimicrobial, chelating, stabilizer, acidulant and humectant properties. Lactobionic acid calcium dihydrate can be obtained by electrolytic methods, microbial fermentation or biocatalytic approaches. Lactobionic acid calcium dihydrate can be used in foodstuffs, to produce new functional products and against food-borne pathogens. Lactobionic acid calcium dihydrate inhibits DNA repair and protein synthesis, induction of oxidative stress and inhibition of metabolic pathways against MRSA.
    Lactobionic acid calcium dihydrate
  • HY-178029
    RSK2/TOP2-IN-1
    		Inducer
    RSK2/TOP2-IN-1 is a RSK2/TOP2 dual inhibitor. RSK2/TOP2-IN-1 targets key tumor progression enzymes including ribosomal S6 kinase 2 and topoisomerases IIα/IIβ. RSK2/TOP2-IN-1 shows selectivity index > 2 against all squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines. RSK2/TOP2-IN-1 can induce cell apoptosis, autophagy and ROS production. RSK2/TOP2-IN-1 can be used for the research of cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma.
    RSK2/TOP2-IN-1
  • HY-Y0836R
    Diethyl succinate (Standard)
    Diethyl succinate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Diethyl succinate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Diethyl succinate (Diethyl Butanedioate) can be utilized at physiological pH, allowing it to penetrate biological membranes and integrate into the cells of tissue cultures, where it is metabolized via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Diethyl succinate modulates the polarization and activation of microglial cells by reducing mitochondrial fission and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby exerting an inflammatory protective effect in primary microglial cells. Furthermore, Diethyl succinate is non-toxic and can be used in flavorings and seasonings.
    Diethyl succinate (Standard)
  • HY-168177
    ROS-IN-3
    		Inhibitor
    ROS-IN-3 (compound x38) is a ROS inhibitor. ROS-IN-3 can be used in neuro-related research.
    ROS-IN-3
  • HY-W013242R
    Gondoic acid (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Gondoic acid (Standard) is an analytical standard for Gondoic acid. This product is used for research and analytical applications. Gondoic acid (cis-11-Eicosenoic acid), a monounsaturated long-chain fatty acid, is contained in a variety of plant oils and nuts. Gondoic acid can exert anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the production of ROS and the PKCθ/ERK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Gondoic acid can be used as a raw material for medical supplies and a moisturizing ingredient in cosmetic creams.
    Gondoic acid (Standard)
  • HY-139882
    Anticancer agent 16
    		Inducer
    Anticancer agent 16 exhibits good cytotoxic activity against HCT-116, NCI-H460, and SKOV3 cell lines with IC50 8.55 μΜ, 5.41 μΜ, and 6.4 μΜ, respectively.
    Anticancer agent 16
  • HY-N11643
    Ganoderic acid Mk
    		Inducer
    Ganoderic acid Mk (GA-Mk) is a triterpenoid acid, that can be isolated from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum. Ganoderic acid Mk is efficiently anti-proliferative and can induce apoptosis of HeLa cells by mitochondria-mediated pathway. Ganoderic acid Mk can be used for cervical cancer research.
    Ganoderic acid Mk
  • HY-12033S1
    2-Methoxyestradiol-13C6
    		Activator
    2-Methoxyestradiol-13C6 is the 13C-labeled 2-Methoxyestradiol. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2), an orally active endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2), is an apoptosis inducer and an angiogenesis inhibitor with potent antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol also destablize microtubules. 2-Methoxyestradio, also a potent superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor and a ROS-generating agent, induces autophagy in the transformed cell line HEK293 and the cancer cell lines U87 and HeLa.
    2-Methoxyestradiol-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-N0361S
    Dihydrocapsaicin-d3
    		Inhibitor
    Dihydrocapsaicin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Dihydrocapsaicin (HY-N0361). Dihydrocapsaicin, a capsaicin, is a potent and selective TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1) agonist. Dihydrocapsaicin reduces AIF, Bax, and Caspase-3 expressions, and increased Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-Akt levels. Dihydrocapsaicin enhances the hypothermia-induced neuroprotection following ischemic stroke via PI3K/Akt regulation in rat.
    Dihydrocapsaicin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-175041
    GPX4-IN-18
    		Inducer
    GPX4-IN-18 (Compound 17) is a ferrocene-containing inhibitor of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). GPX4-IN-18 is also an inducer of ferroptosis. GPX4-IN-18 can increase the production of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in OS-RC-2 clear cell renal cell carcinoma cells. GPX4-IN-18 induces ferroptosis in HT-1080 cells with IC50s of 0.007 μM (absence of ferrostatin-1) and 1.486 μM (presence of ferrostatin-1). GPX4-IN-18 reduces in vivo tumor volume and intratumoral GPX4 levels in OS-RC-2 xenograft murine model.
    GPX4-IN-18
  • HY-N0155R
    Nobiletin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Nobiletin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nobiletin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nobiletin is a poly-methoxylated flavone from the citrus peel that improves memory loss. Nobiletin is a retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) agonist. Nobiletin can reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in differentiated C2C12 myotubes and has anti-inflammation and anti-cancer properties, including anti-angiogenesis, anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis and induced apoptosis.
    Nobiletin (Standard)
  • HY-169225
    PDIC-NN
    		Inducer
    PDIC-NN (PDIC-NS free base) is a STING activator with anticancer activity. PDIC-NN promotes the content and biostability of endogenous cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs). PDIC-NN triggers ROS burst and causes serious damage to mitochondria. PDIC-NN induces cell apoptosis and inhibits DNA replication. PDIC-NN activates cGAS-STING signaling pathway, enhances the immunogenicity of tumor cells and activates a robust innate immune response.
    PDIC-NN
  • HY-168922
    Keap1-Nrf2-IN-25
    		Inhibitor
    Keap1-Nrf2-IN-25 (Compound 19) is a potent Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor (IC50 of 0.55 μM) with Keap1 binding affinity (Kd of 0.50 μM). Keap1-Nrf2-IN-25 activates Nrf2, reduces ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6). Keap1-Nrf2-IN-25 exerts protective effects against DSS (HY-116282)-induced colitis.
    Keap1-Nrf2-IN-25
  • HY-B1115S1
    Buspirone-d8 dihydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Buspirone-d8 dihydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Buspirone hydrochloride (HY-B1115). Buspirone hydrochloride is a 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Buspirone hydrochloride can be used for anxiety and depression research.
    Buspirone-d<sub>8</sub> dihydrochloride
  • HY-N15756
    N-Demethylsinomenine
    		Inhibitor
    N-Demethylsinomenine is a morphinane alkaloid that can be isolated from Sinomenium acutum. N-Demethylsinomenine has a protective effect against H2O2-induced cell injury. N-Demethylsinomenine can be used in the research of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
    N-Demethylsinomenine
  • HY-174469
    PROTAC PI3K/110β degrader-2
    		Activator
    PROTAC PI3K/110β degrader-2 is a selective PI3K/p110β PROTAC degrader. PROTAC PI3K/110β degrader-2 can significantly degrade 110β protein and inhibit the expression of P-glycoprotein. PROTAC PI3K/110β degrader-2 can increase the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). PROTAC PI3K/110β degrader-2 exerts anti-tumor effects by activating the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and inhibiting the AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathway. PROTAC PI3K/110β degrader-2 can be used for research on cancer. (Pink: PI3K/110β Ligand (HY-75124); Blue: VHL Ligand (HY-125845); Black: Linker (HY-W002042)).
    PROTAC PI3K/110β degrader-2
  • HY-173403
    TrxR-IN-8
    		Inducer
    TrxR-IN-8 (Compound 6f) is a selective TrxR inhibitor (IC50: 10.2 μM). TrxR-IN-8 induces apoptosis through oxidative stress by stimulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reducing intracellular thiols, and lowering the glutathione/glutathione ratio. TrxR-IN-8 exhibits significant cytotoxicity against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells.
    TrxR-IN-8
  • HY-161863
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-67
    		Inducer
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-67 (Compound 5h) is an inhibitor for tubulin polymerization on colchicine binding site with an IC50 of 2.92 μM. Tubulin polymerization-IN-67 inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells HT29, A549, U2OS, MG-63 and HeLa with IC50s of 0.12-4.13 μM. Tubulin polymerization-IN-67 arrests the cell cycle at G2/M phase, induces apoptosis in cell U2OS, inhibits the cell migration of A549. Tubulin polymerization-IN-67 reduces the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and increase intracellular ROS, inhibits the angiogenesis in HUVECs. Tubulin polymerization-IN-67 exhibits antitumor efficacy in mice
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-67
  • HY-N3248
    Momordicoside G
    		Inhibitor
    Momordicoside G (Momordicacoside G) is an orally active cucurbitane-type triterpene glycoside. Momordicoside G selectively induces apoptosis of M1-like macrophages, without affecting M2-like macrophages. Momordicoside G reduces intracellular ROS levels and promotes autophagy. Momordicoside G also has anticancer activity, inhibiting the growth of cancer cell lines. Momordicoside G stimulates M2-associated lung injury repair and prevents inflammatory lung cancer injury.
    Momordicoside G
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity