2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W040045R
    Callistephin chloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Callistephin (Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside) chloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Callistephin chloride (HY-W040045). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Callistephin chloride is an anthocyanin. Callistephin chloride regulates the expression of inflammatory (reducing iNOS/TNF-α/COX-2) and apoptosis-related proteins by inhibiting p38 phosphorylation, and enhances the protective effect of Isoflurane (HY-A0134) on microglial cell damage. Callistephin chloride significantly reduces ROS levels, eliminates DPPH free radicals, protects retinal pigment epithelial cells, and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Callistephin chloride can alleviate glutamate excitotoxicity, reduce neuronal apoptosis, and protect cerebellar granule neurons. Callistephin chloride can inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis.
    Callistephin chloride (Standard)
  • HY-B0849S1
    Azoxystrobin-d3
    		Activator
    Azoxystrobin-d3 is deuterium labeled Azoxystrobin. Azoxystrobin is a broad-spectrum β-methoxyacrylate fungicide. Azoxystrobin inhibits mitochondrial respiration by binding to the Qo site of the cytochrome bc1 complex and inhibiting electron transfer. Azoxystrobin induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces cell apoptosis.
    Azoxystrobin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-153020
    HIF-PHD-IN-3
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    HIF-PHD-IN-3 (compound 4) is a potent hiPSC-CM cardioprotective scaffold. HIF-PHD-IN-3 can induce upregulation of heme oxygenase-1.
    HIF-PHD-IN-3
  • HY-106359
    Delmitide
    Delmitide (RDP58) is an orally active d-isomer decapeptide with potent anti-inflammatory activity. Delmitide inhibits production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and interleukin (IL)-12, and up-regulates heme oxygenase 1 activity. Delmitide can be used for the research of ulcerative colitis.
    Delmitide
  • HY-P3906
    Melittin free acid
    		Inducer
    Melittin free acid is a basic 26-amino-acid polypeptide, the major active ingredient of honeybee venom. Melittin free acid is an activator of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Melittin free acid has broad-spectrum antifungal activity with MIC values of 0.4-60 μM. Melittin free acid hinders fungal growth by inducing cell apoptosis, repressing (1,3)-β-D-glucan synthase and participating in other pathways.
    Melittin free acid
  • HY-100599S2
    Urolithin A-13C6
    Urolithin A-13C6 is the 13C-labeled Urolithin A (HY-100599). Urolithin A, a gut-microbial metabolite of ellagic acid, exerts anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidant properties. Urolithin A induces autophagy and apoptosis, suppresses cell cycle progression, and inhibits DNA synthesis.
    Urolithin A-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-N0060AR
    Ferulic acid sodium (Standard)
    10-Deacetyltaxol (Standard) is the analytical standard of 10-Deacetyltaxol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 10-Deacetyltaxol (10-Deacetylpaclitaxel) is a taxane derivative isolated from Taxus wallichiana Zucc. 10-Deacetyltaxol (10-Deacetylpaclitaxel) promotes the polymerization of tubulin and to inhibit the depolymerization of microtubules induced by cold or by calcium ions in vitro. 10-Deacetyltaxol (10-Deacetylpaclitaxel) exhibits cytotoxicity in human glial and neuroblastoma cell-lines.
    Ferulic acid sodium (Standard)
  • HY-175329
    BTF-DNBS
    		Inducer
    BTF-DNBS is a glutathione (GSH)-responsive small-molecule photosensitizer (PS). BTF-DNBS disrupts mitochondrial function and triggers Golgi-mediated pyroptosis, serving as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) generator. BTF-DNBS is promising for research of cancers.
    BTF-DNBS
  • HY-W738273
    Veratric acid-13C
    Veratric acid-13C (3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid-13C) is the 13C-labeled Veratric acid (HY-N2007). Veratric acid (3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid) is an orally active phenolic compound derived from vegetables and fruits, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Veratric acid also acts as a protective agent against hypertension-associated cardiovascular remodelling. Veratric acid reduces upregulated COX-2 expression, and levels of PGE2, IL-6 after UVB irradiation.
    Veratric acid-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-19625A
    (E/Z)-MCB-613
    (E/Z)-MCB-613 is a pan-Steroid Receptor Coactivator (SRC) stimulator. (E/Z)-MCB-613 overstimulates SRC activity in cancer cells resulting in excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cell stress and death by a process called paraptosis. (E/Z)-MCB-613 is a cytotoxic molecule that plays an important role in cancer.
    (E/Z)-MCB-613
  • HY-B1975
    Dithianon
    		Activator
    Dithianon is a broad-spectrum anthraquinone fungicide with good adherence to the surface of leaves and fruits. Dithianon is used to control several several fungal of some fruits and vegetables, as anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp., Elsinoe ampelina), mildew (Plasmopara viticola), phomopsis (Phomopsis viticola), among others.
    Dithianon
  • HY-N0578R
    Apigenin 7-glucoside (Standard)
    Apigenin 7-glucoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Apigenin 7-glucoside. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Apigenin-7-glucoside (Apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) exhibits significant anti-proliferative and antioxidant activity and scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS).
    Apigenin 7-glucoside (Standard)
  • HY-I0301S
    D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone-1-13C
    D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone-1-13C is the 13C labeled D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone. D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone is a polyhydroxy (PHA) that is capable of metal chelating, moisturizing and antioxidant activ.
    D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone-1-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-B0166C
    L-Ascorbic acid calcium dihydrate
    		Inhibitor
    L-Ascorbic acid (calcium dihydrate) (L-Ascorbate (calcium dihydrate); Vitamin C (calcium dihydrate)) is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.
    L-Ascorbic acid calcium dihydrate
  • HY-W040971S
    Creosol-d4
    		Inhibitor
    Creosol-d4 (2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol-d4) is the deuterium labeled Creosol (HY-W040971). Creosol (2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol) is an endogenous metabolite that acts as an important chemical intermediate and potential biofuel mainly derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Creosol is blood brain barrier penetrable.
    Creosol-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N8132
    2,4,6-Trichlorol-3-methyl-5-methoxy-phenol 1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside
    		Inhibitor
    2,4,6-Trichlorol-3-methyl-5-methoxy-phenol 1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside is a chlorophenyl glycoside found in the bulbs of Lilium brownie var. viridulum. 2,4,6-Trichlorol-3-methyl-5-methoxy-phenol 1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside exhibits weak inhibition of NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.
    2,4,6-Trichlorol-3-methyl-5-methoxy-phenol 1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside
  • HY-161966
    VEGFR-2-IN-52
    		Inducer
    VEGFR-2-IN-52 (compound 14d) is a potent VEGFR-2 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 191.1 nM. VEGFR-2-IN-52 decreases the protein expression of p-VEGFR-2, MMP9, p-ERK1/2 and p-MEK1. VEGFR-2-IN-52 shows cytotoxicity. VEGFR-2-IN-52 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. VEGFR-2-IN-52 increases the levels of ROS.
    VEGFR-2-IN-52
  • HY-172395
    TopoII/tubulin-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    TopoII/tubulin-IN-1 (Compound 1B8) is a TopoII/tubulin inhibitor. TopoII/tubulin-IN-1 can inhibit the proliferation and the level of ROS of tumor cells, induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of tumor cells, but has no significant cytotoxicity to normal cells. TopoII/tubulin-IN-1 has antitumor activity.
    TopoII/tubulin-IN-1
  • HY-169124
    Apoptosis inducer 28
    		Inhibitor
    Apoptosis Inducer 28 (Compound X1) is an apoptosis-inducing agent with anticancer activity in vitro. Apoptosis Inducer 28 can arrest the cell cycle at the G1 phase, promote cell death, and induce apoptosis by disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential. Apoptosis inducer 28 can also decrease the production of reactive oxygen species, downregulate the gene expression of BAX, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2, while upregulating the gene expression of PAR-4.
    Apoptosis inducer 28
  • HY-163090
    HR488B
    		Inducer
    HR488B is an efficient HDAC1 inhibitor. HR488B specifically suppressed the growth of CRC cells by inducing cell cycle G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis. HR488B causes mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and DNA damage accumulation.
    HR488B
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity