2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-77591R
    Cysteamine hydrochloride (Standard)
    Cysteamine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cysteamine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cysteamine hydrochloride (2-Aminoethanethiol hydrochloride) is an orally active agent for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis and an antioxidant.
    Cysteamine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-N0809R
    Sesamolin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Sesamolin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sesamolin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sesamolin, isolated from Sesamum indicum, has antioxidative activity, Sesaminol inhibits lipid peroxidation and shows neuroprotection effect. Sesamolin potently inhibits MAPK cascades by preventing phosphorylation of JNK, p38 MAPKs, and caspase-3 but not ERK-MAPK expression.
    Sesamolin (Standard)
  • HY-N0295R
    Protocatechualdehyde (Standard)
    Protocatechualdehyde (Standard) is the analytical standard of Protocatechualdehyde. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Protocatechualdehyde (Catechaldehyde), a natural polyphenol compound isolated from the roots of radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, is associated with a wide variety of biological activities and has been widely used in medicine as an antioxidant, anti-aging, an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent.
    Protocatechualdehyde (Standard)
  • HY-144697
    p38 MAPK-IN-3
    		Inducer
    p38 MAPK-IN-3 (Compound 2c) is a p38α MAPK inhibitor. p38 MAPK-IN-3 has antitumor activities and induces apoptosis and ROS.
    p38 MAPK-IN-3
  • HY-N15536
    N-trans-Feruloyltyramine 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
    		Inhibitor
    N-trans-Feruloyltyramine 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is a phenolic amide glycoside compound found in Suaeda japonica. N-trans-Feruloyltyramine 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside exhibits antioxidant activity, capable of effectively scavenging DPPH free radicals and reducing the production of ROS induced by H2O2 in cells, thus protecting cells from oxidative stress damage. N-trans-Feruloyltyramine 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is promising for research of cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases.
    N-trans-Feruloyltyramine 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
  • HY-N2267
    (+)-Schisandrin B
    		99.48%
    (+)-Schisandrin B is an enantiomer of Schisandrin B. Schisandrin B is an active dibenzocyclooctadiene derivative isolated from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis, has antioxidant effect on rodent liver and heart.
    (+)-Schisandrin B
  • HY-128525R
    Enterobactin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Enterobactin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Enterobactin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Enterobactin is a siderophore produced by Gram-negative bacteria and has an extremely high affinity for iron. During the process of Salmonella typhimurium infecting macrophages, Enterobactin can not only help bacteria uptake iron but also reduce the antibacterial activity of macrophages. In addition, Enterobactin is also involved in the oxidative stress response of Escherichia coli. Enterobactin can be hydrolyzed by Fes in the cell and exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals.
    Enterobactin (Standard)
  • HY-N8193
    Brassicin
    		Inhibitor 99.98%
    Brassicin, a natural Flavonoid, possesses radical scavenging activity.
    Brassicin
  • HY-13571B
    Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate
    		Inhibitor
    Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate, the proagent of Beclometasone, is an orally active and potent glucocorticoid recepter agonist. Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate acts via a glucocorticoid receptor and suppresses inflammation and hyperproliferation. Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate can be used for asthma .
    Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate
  • HY-113038
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid
    		Activator ≥98.0%
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid ((R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a Ki of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling.
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid
  • HY-N0716BR
    Berberine sulfate (Standard)
    		Activator
    Berberine (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Berberine (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Berberine sulfate is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian, as an antibiotic. Berberine sulfate induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Berberine sulfate has antineoplastic properties. The sulfate form improves bioavailability[1][2].
    Berberine sulfate (Standard)
  • HY-146367
    VEGFR-2-IN-19
    		Inducer
    VEGFR-2-IN-19 (Compound 15b) is a potent VEGFR2 inhibitor. VEGFR-2-IN-19 induces cell apoptosis and increases intracellular reactive oxygen species level. VEGFR-2-IN-19 can be used as an anticancer agent.
    VEGFR-2-IN-19
  • HY-167632
    meso-Zeaxanthin
    		Inhibitor
    meso-Zeaxanthin accumulates in the central retina and forms macular pigment together with lutein and zeaxanthin, which has the function of light filtering. meso-Zeaxanthin can quench ROS and exert antioxidant function.
    meso-Zeaxanthin
  • HY-136426
    Trifludimoxazin
    		Activator 98.76%
    Trifludimoxazin is a click chemistry reagent, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor, and herbicide. Trifludimoxazin inhibits PPO, accumulates ROS, and damages cell membranes, leading to weed death. Trifludimoxazin exhibits high activity in controlling broadleaf weeds and grass weeds.
    Trifludimoxazin
  • HY-124072
    HL001
    		Inducer
    HL001 is an orally active small molecule inhibitor of Cyclophilin A (CypA) and a receptor antagonist of Lysophosphatidic acid 1 (LPA1). HL001 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of tumor cells by p53. HL001 stabilizes p53 by down-regulating G3BP1, inducing reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. HL001 disrupts the interaction between MDM2 and p53-72R in a CypA dependent manner. HL001 has antitumor activity. HL001 can also be used to study pulmonary fibrosis.
    HL001
  • HY-W778057
    Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate-13C3
    Ethyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate-13C3 (Protocatechuic acid ethyl ester-13C3) is the 13C-labeled Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (HY-W016409). Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (Protocatechuic acid ethyl ester) is an orally effective, blood-brain barrier-permeable, competitive prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitor that inhibits the hydroxylation modification of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) by PHD. Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate stabilizes HIF-1α by inhibiting PHD, activates downstream pathways to induce autophagy and apoptosis of tumor cells, and regulates inflammatory responses, inhibits the NF-κB pathway, improves vascular permeability, and promotes osteoblast differentiation. Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate has anti-tumor, anti-hypoxic injury, and bone metabolism regulation effects. It can also be used in the research of cardiovascular protection (such as reducing myocardial ischemic damage), bone tissue engineering (promoting osteogenesis/inhibiting osteoclast differentiation), and prevention and treatment of high-altitude cerebral edema.
    Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-113410R
    3-Methylglutaric acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    3-Methylglutaric acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Methylglutaric acid (HY-113410). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3-Methylglutaric acid is a non-selective inhibitor of mitochondrial function and Na+, K+-ATPase, with an inhibition rate of 30% on rat cortical synaptosomal Na+, K+-ATPase. 3-Methylglutaric acid can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, thereby causing oxidative damage and inhibiting mitochondrial redox potential and ion pump function of cell membranes. 3-Methylglutaric acid can be used to study the neuropathological mechanisms of metabolic diseases and the role of oxidative stress-mediated neuronal damage in neurodegeneration.
    3-Methylglutaric acid (Standard)
  • HY-162882
    CC15009
    		Inhibitor
    CC15009 is a xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 0.237 nM. CC15009 can inhibit the oxidative subtype of XOR, thereby reducing the production of the byproduct ROS and exhibiting antioxidant activity. CC15009 has demonstrated a good dose-dependent uric acid-lowering effect in two different mouse models of hyperuricemia induced by XOR substrates.
    CC15009
  • HY-170590
    VEGFR-2-IN-61
    		Inducer
    VEGFR-2-IN-61 (Compound 7b) is an inhibitor for VEGFR-2 with an IC50 of 2.83 µM. VEGFR-2-IN-61 inhibits the proliferation of multi cancer cells (IC50 for MCF-7 is 2.12 μM). VEGFR-2-IN-61 inhibits the cell migration, induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in MCF-7.
    VEGFR-2-IN-61
  • HY-145859
    Topo I-IN-1
    		Inducer
    Topo I-IN-1 (Compound 14d) is a potent Topo I inhibitor with antitumor activity and DNA intercalative capability. Topo I-IN-1 induces cell apoptosis.
    Topo I-IN-1
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity