2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53

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The p53 tumor suppressor is a principal mediator of growth arrest, senescence, and apoptosis in response to a broad array of cellular damage. p53 is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low, often undetectable, levels in normal cells. Under stress conditions, the p53 protein accumulates in the cell, binds in its tetrameric form to p53-response elements and induces the transcription of various genes.

MDM-2 is transcriptionally activated by p53 and MDM-2, in turn, inhibits p53 activity in several ways. MDM-2 binds to the p53 transactivation domain and thereby inhibits p53-mediated transactivation. MDM-2 also contains a signal sequence that is similar to the nuclear export signal of various viral proteins and, after binding to p53, it induces its nuclear export. As p53 is a transcription factor, it needs to be in the nucleus to be able to access the DNA; its transport to the cytoplasm by MDM-2 prevents this. Finally, MDM-2 is a ubiquitin ligase, so is able to target p53 for degradation by the proteasome.

In many tumors p53 is inactivated by the overexpression of the negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4 or by the loss of activity of the MDM2 inhibitor ARF. The pathway can be reactivated in these tumors by small molecules that inhibit the interaction of MDM2 and/or MDM4 with p53. Such molecules are now in clinical trials.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-17412A
    Minocycline
    		p53 Activator 98.59%
    Minocycline is an orally active, potent and BBB-penetrated semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic. Minocycline is a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α inhibitor. Minocycline shows anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and glutamate antagonist effects. Minocycline reduces glutamate neurotransmission and shows neuroprotective properties and antidepressant effects. Minocycline inhibits bacterial protein synthesis through binding with the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, resulting in a bacteriostatic effect.
    Minocycline
  • HY-B0639A
    Amifostine trihydrate
    		p53 Activator 99.95%
    Amifostine trihydrate (WR2721 trihydrate) is a broad-spectrum cytoprotective agent and a radioprotector. Amifostine trihydrate selectively protects normal tissues from damage caused by radiation and chemotherapy. Amifostine trihydrate is potent hypoxia-inducible factor-α1 (HIF-α1) and p53 inducer. Amifostine trihydrate protects cells from damage by scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals. Amifostine trihydrate reduces renal toxicity and has antiangiogenic action.
    Amifostine trihydrate
  • HY-108638
    NSC 146109 hydrochloride
    		p53 Activator 99.60%
    NSC 146109 hydrochloride is a small-molecule p53 activator that target MDMX and can be used for breast cancer research. NSC 146109 hydrochloride is a pseudourea derivative, promotes breast cancer cells to undergo apoptosis through activating p53 and inducing expression of proapoptotic genes.
    NSC 146109 hydrochloride
  • HY-W042191
    Oxychlororaphine
    		Inducer 98.98%
    Oxychloroaphine could be isolated from the bacterium Pantoea agglomerans naturally present in soil. Oxychloroaphine has broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Oxychloroaphine has cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner and induces apoptosis. Oxychloroaphine can be used in research of cancer.
    Oxychlororaphine
  • HY-148369
    U7D-1
    		p53 Activator 99.68%
    U7D-1 is a first-in-class potent and selective USP7 (ubiquitin-specific protease 7) PROTAC degrader, with a DC50 of 33 nM in RS4;11 cells. U7D-1 shows anticancer activity. U7D-1 induces apoptosis in Jeko-1 cells.
    U7D-1
  • HY-B0774
    Seratrodast
    		Inhibitor 99.59%
    Seratrodast (AA 2414), an orally active antiasthmatic agent, is a thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) antagonist and ferroptosis inhibitor. Seratrodast reduces lipid ROS production, modulates the systemic xc-/GSH/GPX4 axis, and inhibits JNK phosphorylation and p53 expression. Seratrodast exhibits anti-asthmatic and anti-epileptic activity.
    Seratrodast
  • HY-137864
    Amifostine thiol
    		p53 Activator
    Amifostine thiol (WR-1065) is an active metabolite of the cytoprotector Amifostine (HY-B0639). Amifostine thiol is a cytoprotective agent with radioprotective abilities. Amifostine thiol activates p53 through a JNK-dependent signaling pathway.
    Amifostine thiol
  • HY-122578
    P53R3
    		p53 Inhibitor 99.93%
    P53R3 is a potent p53 reactivator and restores sequence-specific DNA binding of p53 hot spot mutants, including p53R175H, p53R248W and p53R273H. P53R3 induces p53-dependent antiproliferative effects with much higher specificity than PRIMA-1. P53R3 enhances the recruitment of wild-type p53 and p53M237I to several target gene promoters. P53R3 strongly enhances the mRNA, total protein and cell surface expression of the death receptor death receptor 5 (DR5). P53R3 is used for cancer research.
    P53R3
  • HY-125858
    MI-1061
    		MDM2 Inhibitor 99.72%
    MI-1061 is a potent, orally bioavailable, and chemically stable MDM2 (MDM2-p53 interaction) inhibitor (IC50=4.4 nM; Ki=0.16 nM). MI-1061 potently activates p53 and induces apoptosis in the SJSA-1 xenograft tumor tissue in mice. Anti-tumor activity.
    MI-1061
  • HY-15335
    Nutlin-3b
    		MDM2 Inhibitor 98.78%
    Nutlin-3b, the inactive form of Nutlin-3 (HY-50696), is a p53/MDM2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 13.6 μM. Nutlin-3b is 150 times less potent in binding to MDM2 than Nutlin-3a (HY-10029). Nutlin-3b is promising for research of cancers.
    Nutlin-3b
  • HY-13423
    Tenovin-1
    		p53 Activator 99.88%
    Tenovin-1, a p53 activator, protects p53 from MDM2-mediated degradation. Tenovin-1 acts through inhibition of the protein-deacetylating activities of SirT1 and SirT2. Tenovin-1 is also a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor.
    Tenovin-1
  • HY-126437
    Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 30000-70000)
    		Activator
    Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 30000-70000) is a water-soluble synthetic polypeptide. Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 30000-70000) downregulates Bcl-2 and upregulates Bax and p53 proteins. Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 30000-70000) promotes Apoptosis and reduces VEGF expression. Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 30000-70000) shows anticancer activity against a variety of tumors. Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 30000-70000) can also be used as a coating material.
    Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 30000-70000)
  • HY-17412R
    Minocycline hydrochloride (Standard)
    		p53 Activator
    Minocycline (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Minocycline (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Minocycline hydrochloride is an orally active, potent and BBB-penetrated semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic. Minocycline hydrochloride is a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α inhibitor. Minocycline hydrochloride shows anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and glutamate antagonist effects. Minocycline hydrochloride reduces glutamate neurotransmission and shows neuroprotective properties and antidepressant effects. Minocycline hydrochloride inhibits bacterial protein synthesis through binding with the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, resulting in a bacteriostatic effect.
    Minocycline hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-W001538
    S-Propargylcysteine
    		Inducer
    S-Propargylcysteine (SPRC), a structural analog of S-allyl cysteine (SAC), is a slow H2S-releasing compound. S-Propargylcysteine reduces Ca2+ accumulation and inflammatory cytokines, inhibits STAT3, and elevates p53 and Bax. S-Propargylcysteine has anti-inflammatory activity and protects mice against acute pancreatitis. S-Propargylcysteine also has cardioprotective, neuroprotective acitivties.
    S-Propargylcysteine
  • HY-120373
    MB710
    		98.81%
    MB710, an aminobenzothiazole derivative, is a stabilizer of oncogenic p53 mutation Y220C. MB710 binds tightly to the Y220C pocket and stabilizes p53-Y220C, with a Kd of 4.1 μM. MB710 shows anticancer activity in p53-Y220C cell lines.
    MB710
  • HY-128842
    PROTAC MDM2 Degrader-3
    		MDM2 Inhibitor
    PROTAC MDM2 Degrader-3 is a MDM2 degrader based on PROTAC technology. PROTAC MDM2 Degrader-3 composes of a potent MDM2 inhibitor, linker, and the MDM2 ligand for E3 ubiquitin ligase.
    PROTAC MDM2 Degrader-3
  • HY-117280
    GN25
    		Activator 98.55%
    GN25 is a specific p53-Snail binding inhibitor with antitumor effects.
    GN25
  • HY-143692
    SQDG
    		p53 Activator 99.0%
    SQDG inhibits topoisomerase I and P-selectin receptor, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antitumor activities. SQDG is a glycolipid that possesses sugar moieties in their head groups. SQDG is a membrane lipid that can be used to investigate the effects of structural lipid in LNP formulations.
    SQDG
  • HY-N7271
    Solanidine
    		Activator 99.90%
    Solanidine is an orally active cholestane alkaloid. Solanidine can be isolated from potato. Solanidine decreases RAD51 and increases γH2AX and p53. Solanidine has anti-tumor effects on LLC tumors and lung cancer. Solanidine promotes breast cancer cell proliferation. Solanidine reduces neovascularization. Solanidine causes abortion in some pregnant mice.
    Solanidine
  • HY-B2054
    Tebufenozide
    		p53 Activator 99.28%
    Tebufenozide is a nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist used to control pest. Tebufenozide has cytotoxic and induces apoptosis in HeLa and insect Tn5B1-4 cells.
    Tebufenozide
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download MDM-2/p53 Signaling Pathway Map.

p53 is at the centre of biological interactions that translates stress signals into cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Upstream signaling to p53 increases its level and activates its function as a transcription factor in response to a wide variety of stresses, whereas downstream components execute the appropriate cellular response. 

 

Cell Stress: p53 induction by acute DNA damage begins when DNA double-strand breaks trigger activation of ATM, a kinase that phosphorylates the CHK2 kinase, or when stalled or collapsed DNA replication forks recruit ATR, which phosphorylates CHK1. p53 is a substrate for both the ATM and ATR kinases, as well as for CHK1 and CHK2, which coordinately phosphorylate p53 to promote its stabilization. These phosphorylation events are important for p53 stabilization, as some of the modifications disrupt the interaction between p53 and its negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4. MDM2 and MDM4 bind to the transcriptional activation domains of p53, thereby inhibiting p53 transactivation function, and MDM2 has additional activity as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that causes proteasome-mediated degradation of p53. Phosphorylation also allows the interaction of p53 with transcriptional cofactors, which is ultimately important for activation of target genes and for responses such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis and senescence. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl can also be activated by DNA damage. Then the JNK/p38 is activated and leads to p53 activation[1][2]. 

 

Oncogenic signaling: The response to oncogene activation depends on the binding of ARF to MDM2. ARF is normally expressed at low levels in cells. Inappropriately increased E2F or Myc signals, stemming from oncogene activation, leads to the increased expression of ARF, which inhibits MDM2 by blocking its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, uncoupling the p53-MDM2 interaction, thereby segregating it from nucleoplasmic p53[3].

 

The PI3K-Akt pathway activates MDM2 and increases the ubiquitination of p53. 

 

Reference:
[1]. Chène P, et al. Inhibiting the p53-MDM2 interaction: an important target for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003 Feb;3(2):102-9.
[2]. Brown CJ, et al. Awakening guardian angels: drugging the p53 pathway. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Dec;9(12):862-73. 
[3]. Polager S, et al. p53 and E2f: partners in life and death. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Oct;9(10):738-48. doi: 10.1038/nrc2718.