2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Caspase

Caspase

Caspase

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Caspase is a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammation. There are two types of apoptotic caspases: initiator (apical) caspases and effector (executioner) caspases. Initiator caspases (e.g., CASP2, CASP8, CASP9, and CASP10) cleave inactive pro-forms of effector caspases, thereby activating them. Effector caspases (e.g., CASP3, CASP6, CASP7) in turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell, to trigger the apoptotic process. The initiation of this cascade reaction is regulated by caspase inhibitors. CASP4 and CASP5, which are overexpressed in some cases of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases caused by NALP1 variants, are not currently classified as initiator or effector in MeSH, because they are inflammatory enzymes that, in concert with CASP1, are involved in T-cell maturation.

Caspase Isoform Specific Products:

Caspase Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-122778R
    δ-Tocotrienol (Standard)
    		Activator
    δ-Tocotrienol (Standard) is the analytical standard of δ-Tocotrienol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. δ-Tocotrienol is a Vitamin E in vegetables, fruits, seeds, nuts, grains and oils. Vitamin E has become well known for its role as an antioxidant, in lowering cholesterol and other lipids, as a neuroprotective and anticancer agent, and in cardiovascular disease protection.
    δ-Tocotrienol (Standard)
  • HY-149523
    Anticancer agent 157
    		Activator
    Anticancer agent 157 (compound 15) is a NO inhibitor (IC50=0.62 μg/mL) with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Anticancer agent 157 can bind to iNOS (inducible NO synthase) and caspase 8, causing nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation, inducing apoptosis. Anticancer agent 157 inhibits HT29 colon cancer cells (IC50=2.45 μg/mL), Hep-G2 liver cancer cells (IC50=3.25 μg/mL), and B16-F10 murine melanoma cells (IC50=3.84 μg/mL).
    Anticancer agent 157
  • HY-175039
    FAK-IN-28
    		Agonist
    FAK-IN-28 is an orally active FAK inhibitor (IC50 = 0.4 nM). FAK-IN-28 exhibits dual antiproliferative and anti-metastatic properties. FAK-IN-28 triggers caspase-3-dependent apoptosis via ROS elevation. FAK-IN-28 inhibits tumor growth without causing weight loss or hepatotoxicity. FAK-IN-28 is useful in the study of FAK-driven malignancies, such as colon cancer, cervical cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, and melanoma.
    FAK-IN-28
  • HY-171837
    c9,t11,c15-CLNA
    		Activator
    c9,t11,c15-CLNA is a conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) isomer produced by Lactobacillus plantarum ZS2058. c9,t11,c15-CLNA has significant anti-proliferation activity against colon cancer cells (IC50: 18.26 μM). c9,t11,c15-CLNA induces pyroptosis by activating the canonical pyroptosis pathway mediated by caspase-1. c9,t11,c15-CLNA can be used in the study of colon cancer.
    c9,t11,c15-CLNA
  • HY-W009141R
    1-Monopalmitin (Standard)
    		Activator
    1-Monopalmitin (Glyceryl palmitate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of 1-Monopalmitin (HY-W009141). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 1-Monopalmitin (Glyceryl palmitate) is an activator of the PI3K/Akt pathway and an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). 1-Monopalmitin can induce G2/M arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells, while inhibiting IAPs protein expression. 1-Monopalmitin can increase drug accumulation by inhibiting P-gp activity in intestinal Caco-2 cells. 1-Monopalmitin has the ability to induce protective autophagy and apoptosis of lung cancer cells (IC50=50-58 μg/mL), with low toxicity to normal cells.
    1-Monopalmitin (Standard)
  • HY-175034
    Topoisomerase I/II-IN-1
    		Agonist
    Topoisomerase I/II-IN-1 is a dual inhibitor of topoisomerase I/II. Topoisomerase I/II-IN-1 induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells by upregulating p53, p21, and Bax mRNA levels, caspase-3 protein levels, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, while downregulating Bcl-2. Topoisomerase I/II-IN-1 is useful in the study of various cancers, including melanoma, renal cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer.
    Topoisomerase I/II-IN-1
  • HY-146444
    Anticancer agent 56
    		Activator
    Anticancer agent 56 (compound 4d) is a potent anti-cancer agent with agent-likeness properties, possessing anticancer activity against several cancer cell lines (IC50<3 μM). Anticancer agent 56 induces cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and triggers mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Anticancer agent 56 acts by accumulation of ROS, up regulation of BAX, down regulation of Bcl-2 and activation of caspases 3, 7, 9.
    Anticancer agent 56
  • HY-168067
    CDK-IN-14
    CDK-IN-14 (B34) is a CDK2 inhibitor (IC50=0.097 μM) with anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity. CDK-IN-14 blocks the cell cycle of HepG-2 cancer cells through a caspase-mediated mechanism and induces apoptosis.
    CDK-IN-14
  • HY-147514
    Anticancer agent 64
    		Activator
    Anticancer agent 64 (compound 5m) shows cytotoxic activity in CCRF-CEM cells, with IC50 of 2.4 μM. Anticancer agent 64 shows good anticancer activity through apoptosis induction. Anticancer agent 64 induces caspase 3 and 7 activation and PARP cleavage. Anticancer agent 64 induces significant effect of mitochondria depolarization.
    Anticancer agent 64
  • HY-N15380
    4,4′-Secalonic acid D
    		Activator
    4,4′-Secalonic acid D (Compound 12) is a PARP1 inhibitor. 4,4′-Secalonic acid D induces the accumulation of ROS and DNA damage, activates the caspase-3/GSDME pathway, and triggers apoptosis and pyroptosis of tumor cells by inhibiting PARP1. 4,4′-Secalonic acid D has anti-tumor activity.
    4,4′-Secalonic acid D
  • HY-178942
    EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-9
    		Activator
    EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-9 (Compound 9b) is an inhibitor of VEGFR-2 (IC50 = 1.325 μM) and EGFR (IC50 = 1.891 μM). EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-9 significantly inhibits the proliferation of multiple cancer cell lines, particularly leukemia cells. EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-9 upregulates the expression levels of Bax, caspase-3, and p53, while downregulating the expression of Bcl-2. EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-9 induces apoptosis and arrests the cell cycle in the G1 phase. EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-9 can be used to investigate anti-tumor angiogenesis and multi-drug resistant cancers.
    EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-9
  • HY-P5936
    Ac-AAVALLPAVLLALLAP-DEVD-CHO
    		Inhibitor
    Ac-AAVALLPAVLLALLAP-DEVD-CHO (DEVD-CHO-CPP 32) is a potent and reversible caspase-3 inhibitor.
    Ac-AAVALLPAVLLALLAP-DEVD-CHO
  • HY-175176
    HDAC1/6-IN-3
    		Agonist
    HDAC1/6-IN-3 is a potent HDAC inhibitor. HDAC1/6-IN-3 shows excellent inhibitory activities against HDAC1 (IC50 = 1.1 nM) and HDAC6 (IC50 = 2.7 nM). HDAC1/6-IN-3 significantly arrests HepG2 cells at the G0/G1 phase and induces apoptosis and pyroptosis. HDAC1/6-IN-3 exhibits significant antitumor activity in the HepG2 xenograft mode. HDAC1/6-IN-3 can be used for the study of cancers such as liver cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer and breast cancer.
    HDAC1/6-IN-3
  • HY-N12999
    Stigmast-5-en-3-ol
    		Agonist
    Stigmast-5-en-3-ol induces cancer cell apoptosis and inhibits proliferation by increasing the production of Bax, Caspase-9, p53, and PARP cleavage and reducing Bcl-xl expression. Stigmast-5-en-3-ol exhibits potent inhibitory activity against glucoamylase and α-amylase and possesses high antioxidant activity. Stigmast-5-en-3-ol can be used in the research of diseases such as leukemia, breast cancer, type 2 diabetes, and obesity.
    Stigmast-5-en-3-ol
  • HY-P5890
    YVAD-CHO
    		Inhibitor
    YVAD-CHO is an interleukin-1β converting enzyme (ICE, caspase 1) inhibitor (Ki: 0.76 nM). YVAD-CHO inhibits mature IL-1β production. YVAD-CHO partially delays motoneurone death in lesioned facial nerve mice.
    YVAD-CHO
  • HY-177433
    NLRP3 modulator 8
    		Inhibitor
    NLRP3 modulator 8 (Compound 14) is a NLRP3 modulator. NLRP3 modulator 8 significantly degrades NEK7 with an DC50 of 9  nM. NLRP3 modulator 8 dose-dependently inhibits caspase-1 activity and IL-1β release in macrophages in response to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. NLRP3 modulator 8 can be used for autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis, neurodegeneraive diseases like Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular and melabolic disorders like pericarditis and Type 2 diabetes research.
    NLRP3 modulator 8
  • HY-161857
    Akt/mTOR-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    Akt/mTOR-IN-1 (Compound 8r) is an AKT/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitor exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.8 µM with anticancer activity. Akt/mTOR-IN-1 can decrease the expression of Caspase 3 and increase the expression of the autophagic protein Cyclin B1, thereby inducing cell autophagy and apoptosis. Akt/mTOR-IN-1 can be used in research related to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
    Akt/mTOR-IN-1
  • HY-W011683S6
    2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate-13C10,15N5 hydrate
    		Activator 99.7%
    2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate-13C10,15N5 is the 13C and 15N labeled 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate (HY-W011683). 2′-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate is an adenine nucleoside that inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release. 2′-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits glucose-stimulated increases seen in islet cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate activates caspase-3 and promotes apoptosis. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits the activity of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits the growth of various cells. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate has an anticancer effect on colon cancer.
    2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>10</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N<sub>5</sub> hydrate
  • HY-Y0148R
    10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (10-HDAA) is a saturated fatty acid derived from 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid, which can be isolated from royal jelly. 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid exhibits various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, anti-malarial, and anti-Leishmania properties, as well as enhancing antigen-specific immune responses. The anti-inflammatory effects of 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid are primarily mediated by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and the translation of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), which reduces the production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide (NO) in inflammatory cells. Additionally, 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid alleviates neuroinflammatory responses through the p53-autophagy pathway and the p53-NLRP3 pathway. Finally, 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid enhances antigen-specific immune responses by promoting the effective uptake of antigens by microfold cells[1][2][3][4][5].
    10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (Standard)
  • HY-136778
    INH2BP
    		Modulator
    INH2BP is a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor with antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities. INH2BP reduces the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), modulates the expression of apoptosis-related proteins such as Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3 and enhances cell survival through the activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. INH2BP is promising for research of cardiovascular diseases.
    INH2BP
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download Caspase Signaling Pathway Map.

Upon binding to their cognate ligand, death receptors such as Fas and TRAILR can activate initiator Caspases (Pro-caspase 8 and Pro-caspase 10) through dimerization mediated by adaptor proteins such as FADD and TRADD. Active Caspase 8 and Caspase 10 then cleave and activate the effector Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. ROS/DNA damage and ER stress trigger Caspase 2 activation. Active Caspase 2 cleaves and activates Caspase 3 and initiates apoptosis directly. Caspase 2, 8 and 10 can also cleave Bid, stimulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Following MOMP, mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins such as Smac and Cytochrome C are released into the cytosol. Cytochrome C interacts with Apaf-1, triggering apoptosome assembly, which activates Caspase 9. Active Caspase 9, in turn, activates Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. Mitochondrial release of Smac facilitates apoptosis by blocking the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. 

 

Following the binding of TNF to TNFR1, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I. Formation of the complex IIa and complex IIb is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer in complex IIa and complex IIb generates active Caspase 8. This active Caspase 8 in the cytosol then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis[1][2]. 

 

Reference:

[1]. Thomas C, et al. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discovery volume 3, Article number: 17032 (2017).
[2]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74.

Caspase Isoform Comparison

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