2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Caspase

Caspase

Caspase

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Caspase is a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammation. There are two types of apoptotic caspases: initiator (apical) caspases and effector (executioner) caspases. Initiator caspases (e.g., CASP2, CASP8, CASP9, and CASP10) cleave inactive pro-forms of effector caspases, thereby activating them. Effector caspases (e.g., CASP3, CASP6, CASP7) in turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell, to trigger the apoptotic process. The initiation of this cascade reaction is regulated by caspase inhibitors. CASP4 and CASP5, which are overexpressed in some cases of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases caused by NALP1 variants, are not currently classified as initiator or effector in MeSH, because they are inflammatory enzymes that, in concert with CASP1, are involved in T-cell maturation.

Caspase Isoform Specific Products:

Caspase Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-176786
    MCB-36
    		Agonist
    MCB-36 is a VHL-recruiting pan-KRAS PROTAC degrader without affecting KRAS transcription. MCB-36 exhibits minimal effects on HRAS and NRAS protein levels. MCB-36 binds to the GDP-loaded state of G12D, G12C, G12V, and wild-type KRAS with high affinities Kd ≈ 1 pM). MCB-36 decreases p-ERK levels, leading to cell apoptosis. MCB-36 effectively suppress KRASG12C inhibitor-resistant cancer cells and remodel the tumor immune microenvironment. MCB-36 can be used for the study of colorectal cancer and lung cancer (Pink: Target protein ligand; Blue: E3 ligand (HY-112078); Black: Linker (HY-W091879)).
    MCB-36
  • HY-P2717
    Ac-YVAD-AMC
    		Inhibitor 99.64%
    Ac-YVAD-AMC is an inhibitor for caspase. Ac-YVAD-AMC inhibits bacteria-induced cell death of hypersensitive response (HR) cells.
    Ac-YVAD-AMC
  • HY-B0464S1
    Hydralazine-d5 hydrochloride
    Hydralazine-d5 (hydrochloride) is deuterium-labeled Hydralazine (hydrochloride) (HY-B0464).
    Hydralazine-d<sub>5</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-P4453
    Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-pNA
    		99.39%
    Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-pNA is a chromogenic substrate of granzyme B. Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-pNA can be used to test functional activity of granzyme B.
    Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-pNA
  • HY-161659
    Apoptosis inducer 19
    		Inducer 98.31%
    Apoptosis inducer 19 (Compound 7g) is an Apoptosis inducer. Apoptosis inducer 19 elevates expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and caspase-3) and downregulates anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2). Apoptosis inducer 19 upregulates cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Apoptosis inducer 19 can be used for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) research.
    Apoptosis inducer 19
  • HY-175222
    GlcNAc-MurNAc
    		Inhibitor
    GlcNAc-MurNAc, a disaccharide, is a TLR4 agonist with a Kd of 383 μM for murine TLR4. GlcNAc-MurNAc directly binds to TLR4 and activates its downstream NF-κB and IRF pathways. GlcNAc-MurNAc improves Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) (HY-116282C)-induced colitis in mice through a TLR4-dependent mechanism. GlcNAc-MurNAc can be used for the study of inflammatory bowel disease.
    GlcNAc-MurNAc
  • HY-N2693
    6,8-Diprenylorobol
    		Modulator 98.40%
    6,8-Diprenylorobol, a prenylated isoflavone, is a nature product that could be isolated from the leaves of Cudrania tricuspidata. 6,8-Diprenylorobol antiproliferative effect and induces apoptosis through activation of p53 and generation of ROS.
    6,8-Diprenylorobol
  • HY-12372
    Sanggenon G
    		Activator
    Sanggenon G is a cell-permeable and potent inhibitor of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Sanggenon G binds specifically to the BIR3 domain of XIAP with a binding affinity of 34.26 μM. Sanggenon G enhances caspase activation.
    Sanggenon G
  • HY-156432
    ALK-IN-26
    		Activator 99.87%
    ALK-IN-26 is an ALK inhibitor with IC50 value of 7.0 μM for ALK tyrosine kinase. ALK-IN-26 has good pharmacokinetic properties and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. ALK-IN-26 can induce apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. ALK-IN-26 can be used in glioblastoma studies.
    ALK-IN-26
  • HY-134567A
    Ac-VDVAD-CHO TFA
    		Inhibitor 99.15%
    Ac-VDVAD-CHO (TFA) is a caspase-2/3 inhibitor (IC50: 46 and 15 nM).
    Ac-VDVAD-CHO TFA
  • HY-B0739AS
    Citicoline-d9 sodium
    		Inhibitor 99.81%
    Citicoline-d9 (Cytidine diphosphate-choline-d9) sodium is the deuterium labeled Citicoline sodium (HY-B0739A). Citicoline sodium is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine which is a component of cell membranes. Citicoline sodium inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Citicoline sodium can be used for neurological disease and hearing loss study.
    Citicoline-d<sub>9</sub> sodium
  • HY-13205R
    Belnacasan (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Belnacasan (Standard) is the analytical standard of Belnacasan. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Belnacasan (VX-765) is an orally bioactive proagent of VRT-043198, which is a potent and selective inhibitor of IL-converting enzyme (ICE)/caspase-1 with Kis of 0.8 nM and less than 0.6 nM for caspase-1 and caspase-4, respectively. Belnacasan (VX-765) inhibits the release of LPS-induced IL-1β and IL-18 by human PBMCs with an IC50 of ~0.7 μM.
    Belnacasan (Standard)
  • HY-N12503
    Patuletin
    		Activator
    Patuletin is a flavonol, that can be isolated from the flowers of Tagetes patula. Patuletin shows anti-proliferative activity against cancer cells. Patuletin causes significant nuclear fragmentation and has a great capacity to induce caspase-3 activation.
    Patuletin
  • HY-N10902
    Methyl pheophorbide a
    		Activator 99.57%
    Methyl pheophorbide a is a natural product, one of the chlorophyll-a derivatives. Methyl pheophorbide a is a photosensitizer that produces singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light of specific wavelength, thereby leading to cell death.
    Methyl pheophorbide a
  • HY-B0621R
    Triclabendazole (Standard)
    Triclabendazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Triclabendazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Triclabendazole is an orally active parasite inhibitor. Triclabendazole has anti-Leishmania activity and induces gasdermin E (GSDME)-dependent pyroptosis by caspase-3 activation. Triclabendazole can be used for the research of fasciola hepatica.
    Triclabendazole (Standard)
  • HY-175208
    MST3-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    MST3-IN-1 is a selective and orally active MST3 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 122.4 nM. MST3-IN-1 shows antiproliferative activity against HepG2 cell. MST3-IN-1 effectively induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells, and halts the cell cycle at the G2/M transition. MST3-IN-1 significantly suppressed tumor growth in HepG2 xenograft mice. MST3-IN-1 can be used for the study of liver cancer.
    MST3-IN-1
  • HY-137038
    N-alpha-Tosyl-Lys chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    N-alpha-Tosyl-Lys chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride (TLCK hydrochloride) is an irreversible inhibitor for serine protease, which inhibits trypsin and trypsin-like protease by alkylating histidine residues in their active site. N-alpha-Tosyl-Lys chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride inhibits caspase-3, caspase-6 and caspase-7, with IC50s of 12.0, 54.5 and 19.3 μM, respectively. N-alpha-Tosyl-Lys chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride induces apoptosis in cell HL-60, and inhibits the decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential during apoptosis.
    N-alpha-Tosyl-Lys chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride
  • HY-125677
    SHetA2
    		Activator 99.70%
    SHetA2 is a derivative of heteroarotinoid, that exhibits cytotoxicity in cancer cells with IC50 of 0.37–4.6 μM. SHetA2 regulates cancer cells differentiation, induces apoptosis through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, and arrest cell cycle at G2 phase. SHetA2 exhibits good pharmacokinetic characteristics and antitumor efficacy in mice. SHetA2 is orally active.
    SHetA2
  • HY-B1839R
    Fluazinam (Standard)
    		Activator
    Fluazinam (Standard) is the analytical standard of Fluazinam (HY-B1839). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fluazinam is a broad spectrum pyridinamine fungal inhibitor. Fluazinam is an orally active dinitroaniline fungicide. Fluazinam induces phosphorylation of JNK, activates p38 pathway, decreases Bcl-2, activates caspase-3, decreases complex I activity, increases Autophagy and Apoptosis. Fluazinam has strong antifungal activity against F. fujikuroi and B. maydis. Fluazinam has a negative impact on Brachydanio rerio and worker bees.
    Fluazinam (Standard)
  • HY-12455
    Duocarmycin A
    		Inhibitor
    Duocarmycin A, which is one of well-known antitumor antibiotics, is a DNA alkylator and efficiently alkylates adenine N3 at the 3′ end of AT-rich sequences in the DNA. Duocarmycin A, as a chemotherapeutic agent, results HLC-2 cells typically apoptotic changes, including chromatin condensation, sub-G1 accumulation in DNA histogram pattern, and decrease in procaspase-3 and 9 levels.
    Duocarmycin A
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download Caspase Signaling Pathway Map.

Upon binding to their cognate ligand, death receptors such as Fas and TRAILR can activate initiator Caspases (Pro-caspase 8 and Pro-caspase 10) through dimerization mediated by adaptor proteins such as FADD and TRADD. Active Caspase 8 and Caspase 10 then cleave and activate the effector Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. ROS/DNA damage and ER stress trigger Caspase 2 activation. Active Caspase 2 cleaves and activates Caspase 3 and initiates apoptosis directly. Caspase 2, 8 and 10 can also cleave Bid, stimulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Following MOMP, mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins such as Smac and Cytochrome C are released into the cytosol. Cytochrome C interacts with Apaf-1, triggering apoptosome assembly, which activates Caspase 9. Active Caspase 9, in turn, activates Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. Mitochondrial release of Smac facilitates apoptosis by blocking the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. 

 

Following the binding of TNF to TNFR1, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I. Formation of the complex IIa and complex IIb is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer in complex IIa and complex IIb generates active Caspase 8. This active Caspase 8 in the cytosol then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis[1][2]. 

 

Reference:

[1]. Thomas C, et al. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discovery volume 3, Article number: 17032 (2017).
[2]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74.

Caspase Isoform Comparison

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