2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-17504BR
    Rosuvastatin Sodium (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rosuvastatin (Sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rosuvastatin (Sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rosuvastatin Sodium is a competitive HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 11 nM. Rosuvastatin Sodium potently blocks hERG current with an IC50 of 195 nM. Rosuvastatin Sodium reduces the expression of the mature hERG and the interaction of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) with the hERG protein. Rosuvastatin Sodium effectively lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein levels.
    Rosuvastatin Sodium (Standard)
  • HY-W777418
    Isosorbide mononitrate-13C6
    		Inhibitor
    Isosorbide mononitrate-13C6 (Isosorbide-5-mononitrate-13C6) is 13C-labeled Isosorbide mononitrate (HY-B0642).
    Isosorbide mononitrate-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-A0077R
    Perphenazine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Perphenazine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Perphenazine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Perphenazine is an orally active dopamine receptor and histamine-1 receptor antagonist, with Ki values of 0.56 nM (D2), 0.43 nM (D3), 6 nM (5-HT2A), respectively. Perphenazine also binds to Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor. Perphenazine inhibits cancer cell proliferation, and induces apoptosis. Perphenazine can be used in the research of mental disease, cancer, inflammation.
    Perphenazine (Standard)
  • HY-15136R
    Lonafarnib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Lonafarnib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lonafarnib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lonafarnib (Sch66336) is a potent and orally active farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitor. Lonafarnib inhibits the activities of H-ras, K-ras and N-ras with IC50 values of 1.9 nM, 5.2 nM and 2.8 nM, respectively. Lonafarnib also has anti-hepatitis delta virus (HDV) activities.
    Lonafarnib (Standard)
  • HY-50895S2
    Gefitinib-d3
    		Inducer
    Gefitinib-d3 (ZD1839-d3) is the deuterium labeled Gefitinib. Gefitinib (ZD1839) is a potent, selective and orally active EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 33 nM. Gefitinib selectively inhibits EGF-stimulated tumor cell growth (IC50 of 54 nM) and that blocks EGF-stimulated EGFR autophosphorylation in tumor cells. Gefitinib also induces autophagy. Gefitinib has antitumour activity.
    Gefitinib-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-13511R
    Rupatadine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rupatadine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rupatadine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rupatadine (UR-12592) is a potent, orally active and long-lasting dual PAF/H1 antagonist, with Kis of 0.55 μM and 0.1 μM, respectively. Rupatadine can be used for the research of allergic rhinitis and urticaria.
    Rupatadine (Standard)
  • HY-B0338R
    Rimantadine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rimantadine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rimantadine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rimantadine is an orally active inhibitor for M2 protein, that blocks the hydrogen ion channel activity, prevents the entry and replication of the virus, and exhibits board-spectrum antiviral activity.
    Rimantadine (Standard)
  • HY-168295
    p62-ZZ Ligand-Linker Conjugate 1
    p62-ZZ Ligand-Linker Conjugate 1 is a p62-ZZ domain ligand-linker conjugate. p62-ZZ Ligand-Linker Conjugate 1 can be used to synthesize AUTOTAC VinclozolinM2-2204 (HY-161741).
    p62-ZZ Ligand-Linker Conjugate 1
  • HY-12176R
    Aliskiren (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Aliskiren (Standard) is the analytical standard of Aliskiren. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Aliskiren is an orally active, highly potent and selective renin inhibitor, with IC50 of 1.5 nM. Aliskiren can be used for the research of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and cancer cachexia.
    Aliskiren (Standard)
  • HY-10562AR
    Ketanserin tartrate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ketanserin (tartrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ketanserin (tartrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ketanserin (R41468) tartrate is a selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Ketanserin tartrate also blocks hERG current (IhERG) in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50=0.11 μM).
    Ketanserin tartrate (Standard)
  • HY-112903A
    YW3-56 hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    YW3-56 (hydrochloride) is a PAD inhibitor. YW3-56 (hydrochloride) activates p53 target genes. YW3-56 (hydrochloride) activates ATF and blocks autophagy flux. YW3-56 induces ER stress through the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling cascade and inhibits the mTOR signaling. YW3-56 (hydrochloride) inhibits triple-negative breast cancer.
    YW3-56 hydrochloride
  • HY-14249R
    Bicalutamide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Bicalutamide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bicalutamide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bicalutamide is an orally active non-steroidal androgen receptor (AR) antagonist. Bicalutamide can be used for the research of prostate cancer.
    Bicalutamide (Standard)
  • HY-15145R
    SRT 1720 monohydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    SRT 1720 (monohydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of SRT 1720 (monohydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. SRT 1720 monohydrochloride is a selective and orally active activator of SIRT1 with an EC50 of 0.10 μM, and shows less potent activities on SIRT2 and SIRT3.
    SRT 1720 monohydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-13777R
    Zoledronic Acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Zoledronic Acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Zoledronic Acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Zoledronic Acid (Zoledronate) is a third-generation bisphosphonate (BP), with potent anti-resorptive activity. Zoledronic Acid inhibits the differentiation and apoptosis of osteoclasts. Zoledronic Acid also has anti-cancer effects.
    Zoledronic Acid (Standard)
  • HY-10260R
    Vandetanib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Vandetanib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vandetanib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vandetanib (D6474) is a potent, orally active inhibitor of VEGFR2/KDR tyrosine kinase activity (IC50=40 nM). Vandetanib also has activity versus the tyrosine kinase activity of VEGFR3/FLT4 (IC50=110 nM) and EGFR/HER1 (IC50=500 nM).
    Vandetanib (Standard)
  • HY-18306R
    SB 242235 (Standard)
    SB 242235 (Standard) is the analytical standard of SB 242235. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. SB-242235 is a potent and selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, with an IC50 of 1.0　μM in primary human chondrocytes.
    SB 242235 (Standard)
  • HY-100973AR
    Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium (ADP ribose sodium) is a nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD+) metabolite. Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium is the most potent and primary intracellular Ca2+-permeable cation TRPM2 channel activator. Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium also can enhance autophagy.
    Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium (Standard)
  • HY-13270R
    ABT-751 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    ABT-751 (Standard) is the analytical standard of ABT-751. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. ABT-751 (E7010) is a novel, highly orally bioavailable sulfonamides antimitotic compound and tubulin binder. It prevents tubulin aggregation by binding to the colchicine site on β-tubulin, leading to cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and inducing apoptosis, thus effectively preventing cell division. ABT-751 induces autophagy by inhibiting the AKT/MTOR signaling pathway. ABT-751 showed significant inhibition against various types of cancer cells, including lung, gastric, colon, and breast cancer.
    ABT-751 (Standard)
  • HY-B0444S
    Maprotiline-d5 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Maprotiline-d5 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Maprotiline hydrochloride. Maprotiline hydrochloride is a selective noradrenalin re-uptake inhibitor and a tetracyclic antidepressant.
    Maprotiline-d<sub>5</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-13520R
    Nocodazole (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Nocodazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nocodazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nocodazole (Oncodazole) is a rapidly-reversible inhibitor of microtubule. Nocodazole binds to β-tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, which prevents mitosis and induces apoptosis in tumor cells. Nocodazole inhibits Bcr-Abl.
    Nocodazole (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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