2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B2130S1
    Uric acid-15N2
    		99.60%
    Uric acid-15N2 is the 15N labeled Uric acid. Uric acid, scavenger of oxygen radical, is a very important antioxidant that help maintains the stability of blood pressure and antioxidant stress. Uric acid can remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, inhibiting lipid peroxidation.
    Uric acid-<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-N0316
    Mollugin
    		Activator 99.48%
    Mollugin is an orally active and potent NF-κB inhibitor. Mollugin induces S-phase arrest of HepG2 cells, and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Mollugin induces DNA damage in HepG2 cells, as well as an increase in the expression of p-H2AX. Mollugin shows anti-cancer effect by inhibiting TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation. Mollugin enhances the osteogenic action of BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2) via the p38-Smad signaling pathway.
    Mollugin
  • HY-N0232
    Psoralidin
    		Activator 99.90%
    Psoralidin is a dual inhibitor of COX-2 and 5-LOX, regulates ionizing radiation (IR)-induced pulmonary inflammation.Anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Psoralidin significantly downregulates NOTCH1 signaling. Psoralidin also greatly induces ROS generation.
    Psoralidin
  • HY-111798
    Heme Oxygenase-1-IN-1
    		Inhibitor 99.11%
    Heme Oxygenase-1-IN-1 (compound 2) is a potent heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.25 μM. Heme Oxygenase-1-IN-1 can be used for cancer research.
    Heme Oxygenase-1-IN-1
  • HY-N4118
    Cephaeline
    		99.77%
    Cephaeline ((-)-Cephaeline), a desmethyl analog of Emetine, is a phenolic alkaloid in Indian Ipecac roots isolated from the Cephaelis ipecacuanha. Cephaeline exhibits potent inhibition of both Zika virus (ZIKV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) infections. Cephaeline is an inductor of histone H3 acetylation and an inhibitor of mucoepidermoid carcinoma cancer stem cells (MEC), which promotes ferroptosis by inhibiting NRF2 to exert anti-lung cancer efficacy.
    Cephaeline
  • HY-W009203
    L-Cystine dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    L-Cystine dihydrochloride is the dihydrochloride salt form of L-Cystine (HY-N0394). L-Cystine dihydrochloride elevates Nrf2 protein expression and activates Nrf2 transcription factor. L-cystine dihydrochloride reduces ROS generation and protects against oxidant- or Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced apoptosis. L-Cystine dihydrochloride combined with L-theanine (HY-15121) enhances the production of antigen-specific IgG by increasing glutathione (GSH) levels and T helper 2 (Th2) mediated responses in mice. L-Cystine dihydrochloride is promising for research of cystinuria and kidney stones
    L-Cystine dihydrochloride
  • HY-Y1881B
    Copper sulfate pentahydrate, for cell culture, 98%
    		Inhibitor 98.00%
    Copper sulfate pentahydrate, for cell culture, 98% is a biochemical reagent. Copper sulfate pentahydrate, for cell culture, 98% reduces the production of ROS and the expression levels of MyD88 as well as c-Rel genes. Copper sulfate pentahydrate, for cell culture, 98% decreases the activities of T-SOD, CAT, and GSH, increases the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9. Copper sulfate pentahydrate, for cell culture, 98% is cytotoxic to various cells.
    Copper sulfate pentahydrate, for cell culture, 98%
  • HY-14806B
    Teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate
    		Inhibitor 99.97%
    Teneligliptin (MP-513) hydrobromide hydrate is an orally active and selective dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (IC50s: 0.37 and 0.29 nM for the human and rat DPP-4, respectively). Teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate improves blood glucose levels and can be used in researches related to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    Teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate
  • HY-13748
    Silybin A
    		99.94%
    Silybin A (Silibinin A), an effective anti-cancer and chemopreventive agent, has been shown to exert multiple effects on cancer cells, including inhibition of both cell proliferation and migration.
    Silybin A
  • HY-123533
    Resorufin
    		≥99.0%
    Resorufin (NSC 12097) is a highly fluorescent pink dye. Resorufin shows favorable properties such as water solubility, red-shifted absorption/emission signals. Resorufin is used for the detection of ROS/RNS and a second analyte.
    Resorufin
  • HY-119358
    Traumatic Acid
    		Activator 99.85%
    Traumatic Acid is a wound healing agent and a cytokinin (phytohormone). Traumatic Acid enhances the biosynthesis of collagen in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Traumatic Acid inhibits MCF-7 breast cancer cells viability and enhances apoptosis and oxidative stress. Traumatic Acid can be used in studies of cancer, circulatory disorders (including arterial hypertension), and skin diseases associated with oxidative stress and impaired collagen biosynthesis.
    Traumatic Acid
  • HY-N0408
    Picroside II
    		Inhibitor 99.91%
    Picroside II is an antioxidant with oral activity that can reduce the production of ROS and protect the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after CI/R injury, offering neuroprotective effects. Picroside II has antioxidant, immune-regulating, antiviral properties, and inhibits apoptosis. Picroside II alleviates the inflammatory response in sepsis by suppressing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathways.
    Picroside II
  • HY-16686
    α-Tocopherol phosphate
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    α-Tocopherol phosphate is an antioxidant that protects against long-wave UVA1 induced cell death and scavenge UVA1 induced ROS in a skin cell model. α-Tocopherol phosphate exhibits angiogenesis-promoting activity.
    α-Tocopherol phosphate
  • HY-N0217
    Benzoylaconine
    		Inhibitor 99.92%
    Benzoylaconine (Benzoylaconitine) is an orally active monoester alkaloid found in the traditional Chinese medicine Aconitum carmichaelii. Benzoylaconine is an ACE2 agonist (EC50: 1.5 μM) with antihypertensive and anti-heart failure effects. Benzoylaconine inhibits TLR-induced MAPK and NF-κB pathways to exert anti-inflammatory effects. Benzoylaconine upregulates the protein levels of P-gp, MRP2, and has anti-tumor effects.
    Benzoylaconine
  • HY-B0766
    Bicyclol
    		Inhibitor 99.91%
    Bicyclol (SY801) is an orally active derivative of the traditional Chinese medicine Schisandra chinensis, which has antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-steatosis, anti-fibrotic and anti-tumor activities. Bicyclol regulates the expression of heat shock proteins and plays an anti-apoptosis role in hepatocytes. Bicyclol reduces the activation of NF-κB and the levels of inflammatory factors in hepatocytes infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) by inhibiting the activation of the ROS-MAPK-NF-κB pathway, and prevents ferroptosis in acute liver injury. Bicyclol can change the expression of Mdr-1, GSH/GST and Bcl-2, increase the intracellular concentration of anticancer drugs, and sensitize drug-resistant cells to anticancer drugs. Bicyclol inhibits the proliferation of human malignant hepatoma cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway and the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Bicyclol can be used in the study of chronic hepatitis, acute liver injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
    Bicyclol
  • HY-113978
    6-Formylpterin
    		≥98.0%
    6-Formylpterin is an inhibitor of Xanthine Oxidase. 6-Formylpterin induces intracellular ROS generation and apoptosis in HL-60 cells. 6-Formylpterin suppresses cell proliferation in PanC-1 cells.
    6-Formylpterin
  • HY-125862
    Glutathione Reductase, baker's yeast
    		Inhibitor
    Glutathione reductase, baker's yeast (EC 1.6.4.2) is a reductase. Glutathione reductase, baker's yeast eliminates intracellular ROS. Glutathione reductase, baker's yeast reduces oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) using NADPH as an electron donor. Glutathione reductase, baker's yeast exerts antioxidant activity. Glutathione reductase is mainly used to study diseases associated with oxidative stress, such as Parkinson's disease and sickle cell anemia.
    Glutathione Reductase, baker's yeast
  • HY-108915
    Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate
    		Activator ≥98.0%
    Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.
    Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate
  • HY-13755A
    (R)-Sulforaphane
    		Inhibitor 99.48%
    (R)-Sulforaphane (L-Sulforaphane) is a orally active, potent inducer of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway, exhibiting antioxidant and anticancer activities. (R)-Sulforaphane primarily functions by upregulating phase II detoxifying enzymes in cells, aiding in the removal of carcinogens and combating oxidative stress. (R)-Sulforaphane is capable of modulating gene expression, influencing various signaling pathways, including Nrf2, NF-κB, and AP-1. (R)-Sulforaphane can be used in studies of tumor biology, antioxidant defense mechanisms, as well as inflammation and immune responses.
    (R)-Sulforaphane
  • HY-34350
    2-(Aminomethyl)phenol
    		Inhibitor 99.45%
    2-(Aminomethyl)phenol (2-Hydroxybenzylamine), a selective dicarbonyl scavenger, is an antioxidant and scavanger of free radicals and isolevuglandins (IsoLGs). 2-(Aminomethyl)phenol can be used in the research of inflammation and cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, early recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and arrhythmias.
    2-(Aminomethyl)phenol
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity