2. Signaling Pathways
  3. PI3K/Akt/mTOR
    Stem Cell/Wnt
  4. GSK-3

GSK-3

Glycogen synthase kinase-3; Glycogen synthase kinase 3

GSK-3

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Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase consisting of two isoforms, alpha and beta. It is a highly conserved negative regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase, cytokine, and Wnt signaling pathways. Stimulation of these pathways inhibits GSK-3 to modulate diverse downstream effectors that include transcription factors, nutrient sensors, glycogen synthesis, mitochondrial function, circadian rhythm, and cell fate. GSK-3 also regulates alternative splicing in response to T-cell receptor activation, and recent phosphoproteomic studies have revealed that multiple splicing factors and regulators of RNA biosynthesis are phosphorylated in a GSK-3-dependent manner.

The malfunction or aberrant activity of GSK-3 leads to several of disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative pathologies, and other type of diseases as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders and cancer. GSK-3 is also related to innate immune response against pathogens, which makes GSK-3 an excellent target for therapeutic intervention.

GSK-3 Isoform Specific Products:

GSK-3 Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N8423R
    α-Amyrin (Standard)
    		Activator
    α-Amyrin (Standard) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound with oral activity. α-Amyrin (Standard) activates the ERK and GSK-3β signaling pathways. α-Amyrin (Standard) can inhibit cancer cells proliferation and induce apoptosis. α-Amyrin (Standard) shows anti-bacterial and anti-inflammation activity. α-Amyrin (Standard) can reduce blood glucose level. α-Amyrin (Standard) can be used for the researches of cancer, infection, inflammation, metabolic disease and neurological disease, such as breast cancer, Streptococcus oralis infection, skin inflammation and diabetes.
    α-Amyrin (Standard)
  • HY-162913
    GSK-3β inhibitor 20
    		Inhibitor
    GSK-3β inhibitor 20 (compound 3A) is an potent inhibitor of GSK-3β with an IC50 value of 74.4 nM.
    GSK-3β inhibitor 20
  • HY-165341
    SCR1693
    		Inhibitor
    SCR1693 is a selective, reversible, orally active and noncompetitive inhibitor of AChE (IC50 = 0.68 μM) as well as a calcium channel blocker. SCR1693 reduces tau phosphorylation levels, and inhibits the generation and release of Aβ. SCR1693 restores insulin signaling and improves cognitive deficits. SCR1693 can be used for the study of Alzheimer's disease, especially which complicated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    SCR1693
  • HY-N11576
    Secalonic acid D
    		Activator
    Secalonic acid D is a toxic compound against tumor cells. Secalonic acid D can be isolated from the metabolites of Aspergillus aculeatus. Secalonic acid D activates GSK3-β, and degrades β-catenin. Thus, Secalonic acid D down-regulates c-Myc expression, arrests cell cycle at G1 phase, induces cell apoptosis.
    Secalonic acid D
  • HY-172586
    GSK-3α/β-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    GSK-3α/β-IN-1 is GSK-3α/β inhibitor with IC50 s of 0.265 μM and 0.255 μM for GSK-3α and GSK-3β, respectively. GSK-3α/β-IN-1 also inhibits PKA with an IC50 of 0.188 μM. GSK-3α/β-IN-1 potently inhibits cell viability of three Glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines (IC50 : 3-6 μM, 72 h) with no toxicity to human astrocytes and good metabolic stability. GSK-3α/β-IN-1 has potential CNS activity in all-human blood-brain barrier (BBB) model of GBM.
    GSK-3α/β-IN-1
  • HY-172599
    GSK-3β probe-1
    GSK-3β probe-1 (10c) is a GSK-3β probe (Ex = 341 nm, Em= 574nm, ɛ= 3.51 × 104L/mol·cm−1) and can be be used in the study of Alzheimer's disease.
    GSK-3β probe-1
  • HY-174398
    GSK-3β/HDAC-IN-2
    		Inhibitor
    GSK-3β/HDAC-IN-2 is a potent inhibitor of GSK-3β (IC50 = 0.04 μM), HDAC2 (IC50 = 1.05 μM, Ki = 0.070 μM) and HDAC6 (IC50 = 1.52 μM, Ki = 0.017 μM). GSK-3β/HDAC-IN-2 inhibits HDAC2 and HDAC6 activities and blocks tau hyperphosphorylation. GSK-3β/HDAC-IN-2 exerts neuroprotective effects and shows no significant toxicity. GSK-3β/HDAC-IN-2 can be used in the research of Alzheimer's disease.
    GSK-3β/HDAC-IN-2
  • HY-P10971
    Nef-M1
    		Activator
    Nef-M1 (Nef-Motif-1) is an antagonist peptide targeting CXCR4 and an apoptosis inducer derived from a myristoylated protein encoded by the nef gene in HIV. Nef-M1 inhibits tumor angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Nef-M1 activates the apoptosis pathway by increasing the level of caspase-3 in cancer cells. Nef-M1 simultaneously inhibits VEGF-A, p-GSK-3β and vimentin, and enhances E-cadherin, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis and EMT processes. Nef-M1 can be used in the study of colorectal cancer and breast cancer.
    Nef-M1
  • HY-117194
    18BIOder
    		Inhibitor
    18BIOder is a neuroprotective GSK-3β inhibitor, highly selectively inhibiting HIV-1.
    18BIOder
  • HY-175850
    GSK-3β-IN-28
    		Inhibitor
    GSK-3β inhibitor 28 is selective and non-competitivea glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor with an IC50 of 14.82 nM. GSK-3β inhibitor 28 can upregulate the expression level of phosphorylated GSK-3β and downregulate the expression of p-NF-κB, P65, C-myc and Cyclin D1. GSK-3β inhibitor 28 can induce cells apoptosis, G1 phase arrest and inhibit migration. GSK-3β inhibitor 28 can be used for the research of cancer, such as colorectal cancer.
    GSK-3β-IN-28
  • HY-168857
    GSK-3β inhibitor 24
    		Inhibitor
    GSK-3β inhibitor 24 (Compound 41) is a potent GSK-3β inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.22 nM. GSK-3β inhibitor 24 increases GSK-3β phosphorylation at Ser9 site dose-dependently. GSK-3β inhibitor 24 inhibits the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein by decreasing the p-tau-Ser396 abundance. GSK-3β inhibitor 24 up-regulates β-catenin and neurogenesis-related markers (GAP43 and MAP-2). GSK-3β inhibitor 24 demonstrates remarkable anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) effects.
    GSK-3β inhibitor 24
  • HY-111931
    Indirubin-3'-monoxime-5-sulphonic acid
    		Inhibitor
    Indirubin-3'-monoxime-5-sulphonic acid is a potent and selective inhibitor of CDK1, CDK5, and GSK-3β with IC50s of 5 nM, 7 nM, and 80 nM, respectively.
    Indirubin-3'-monoxime-5-sulphonic acid
  • HY-162722
    GSK-3 inhibitor 6
    		Inhibitor
    GSK-3 inhibitor 6 (2) is a CNS penetrated GSK-3 inhibitor, with IC50 values of 29 nM and 24 nM for GSK-3α and GSK-3β, respectively.
    GSK-3 inhibitor 6
  • HY-114270
    JGK-263
    		Inhibitor
    JGK-263 is an orally active Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor. JGK-263 exhibits neuroprotective effect and can improve motor function. JGK-263 can be used for the research of neurological disease, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
    JGK-263
  • HY-173395
    MAO-B-IN-43
    		Inhibitor
    MAO-B-IN-43 (4) is a potent hMAO-B inhibitor and a weak GSK3β kinase inhibitor, with Ki values of 0.044 μM and 0.004 μM for hMAO-A and hMAO-B, respectively. MAO-B-IN-43 (4) can be used for the research of neurodegenerative disorder.
    MAO-B-IN-43
  • HY-156032
    PIMPC
    		Inhibitor
    PIMPC is a compound with antioxidant and metal-chelating properties. PIMPC is a novel inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). PIMPC has potential anti-Alzheimer's disease effect.
    PIMPC
  • HY-112336
    Aloisine RP106
    		Inhibitor
    Aloisine RP106 (compound 38) is a potent inhibitor of Cdk1/cyclin B, Cdk5/p25, and GSK3 with IC50s of 0.70µM, 1.5µM, 0.92 µM, respectively.
    Aloisine RP106
  • HY-111932
    Indirubin-5-sulfonate
    		Inhibitor
    Indirubin-5-sulfonate is a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, with IC50 values of 55 nM, 35 nM, 150 nM, 300 nM and 65 nM for CDK1/cyclin B, CDK2/cyclin A, CDK2/cyclin E, CDK4/cyclin D1, and CDK5/p35, respectively. Indirubin-5-sulfonate also shows inhibitory activity against GSK-3β.
    Indirubin-5-sulfonate
  • HY-151575
    PfGSK3/PfPK6-IN-2
    		Inhibitor
    PfGSK3/PfPK6-IN-2 is a potent dual PfGSK3/PfPK6 (Plasmodium falciparum GSK3/PK6) inhibitor (IC50: 172 nM and 11 nM respectively). PfGSK3/PfPK6-IN-2 can be used in the research of Malaria.
    PfGSK3/PfPK6-IN-2
  • HY-153760
    GSK-3β inhibitor 14
    		Inhibitor 99.92%
    GSK-3β inhibitor 14 (Compound 6i), benzothiazepinone derivative, is a weak GSK-3β inhibitor (IC50 >100 μM).
    GSK-3β inhibitor 14
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download GSK-3 Signaling Pathway Map.

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase found in all eukaryotes. GSK-3 is one of the few signaling mediators that play central roles in a diverse range of signaling pathways, including those activated by Wnt, PI3K, growth factors, cytokines, and ligands for G protein-coupled receptors. The PI3K pathway is known for regulating metabolism, cell growth, and cell survival. The PI3K activity is stimulated by diverse oncogenes and growth factor receptors. PI3K-mediated production of PIP3 leads to the activation of Akt. The activation of Akt leads to the phosphorylation of GSK-3, which is active in resting cells, but is inactivated by the phosphorylation. The GSK-3 has been linked to the regulation of an assembly of transcription factors, including β-catenin, NF-κB, c-Jun, CREB, and STAT. Thus, the altered activity of GSK-3 causes various effects on cytokine expression. 

 

In the absence of Wnt signaling, β-catenin is phosphorylated by CK1 and GSK-3. This phosphorylation leads to recognition by β-TrCP, leading to the ubiquitylation of β-catenin and degradation by the proteasome. Upon binding of a lipid-modified Wnt protein to the receptor complex, a signaling cascade is initiated. LRP is phosphorylated by CK1/CK2 and GSK-3, and Axin is recruited to the plasma membrane. The kinases in the β-catenin destruction complex are inactivated and β-catenin translocates to the nucleus to form an active transcription factor complex with TCF, leading to transcription of a large set of target genes.

 

Some endogenous growth factors could bind to and activate the tyrosine kinase receptor. This facilitates the recruitment of other proteins (SHC, SOS), which results in the activation of the ERK-MAPK cascade and the inhibition of GSK-3. GSK-3 exerts many cellular effects: it regulates cytoskeletal proteins, and is important in determining cell survival/cell death. GSK-3 has also been identified as a target for the actions of lithium. GSK-3 can inhibit glycogen synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of glucose from UDPG to glycogen[1][2].

 

Reference:

[1]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die.Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74. 
[2]. Conrad M, et al. Regulated necrosis: disease relevance and therapeutic opportunities.Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016 May;15(5):348-66. 

GSK-3 Isoform Comparison

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