2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Caspase

Caspase

Caspase

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Caspase is a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammation. There are two types of apoptotic caspases: initiator (apical) caspases and effector (executioner) caspases. Initiator caspases (e.g., CASP2, CASP8, CASP9, and CASP10) cleave inactive pro-forms of effector caspases, thereby activating them. Effector caspases (e.g., CASP3, CASP6, CASP7) in turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell, to trigger the apoptotic process. The initiation of this cascade reaction is regulated by caspase inhibitors. CASP4 and CASP5, which are overexpressed in some cases of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases caused by NALP1 variants, are not currently classified as initiator or effector in MeSH, because they are inflammatory enzymes that, in concert with CASP1, are involved in T-cell maturation.

Caspase Isoform Specific Products:

Caspase Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-10397
    EP1013
    		Inhibitor
    EP1013 (F1013) is a broad-spectrum caspase selective inhibitor, used in the research of type 1 diabetes.
    EP1013
  • HY-151966
    TD1092
    		Activator 99.49%
    TD1092 is a pan-IAP degrader, degrades cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP. TD1092 activates Caspase 3/7, and promotes cancer cells apoptosis via IAP degradation. TD1092 inhibits TNFα mediated NF-κB pathway and reduces the phosphorylation of IKK, IkBα, p65, and p38. TD1092 can act as PROTAC, and is used for cancer research.
    TD1092
  • HY-147027
    PARP-1-IN-2
    		Inducer 99.48%
    PARP-1-IN-2 (compound 11g) is a potent and BBB-penetrated PARP1 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 149 nM. PARP1-IN-2 shows significantly potent anti-proliferative activity against Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line A549. PARP1-IN-2 can induce A549 cells apoptosis.
    PARP-1-IN-2
  • HY-111954
    (+)-Erinacin A
    		Activator 99.97%
    (+)-Erinacin A (Erinacine A) is a cyanoditerpenoid isolated from Hericium erinaceus with anticancer, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. (+)-Erinacin A can induce cancer cell death by activating extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. (+)-Erinacin A can also inhibit the expression of NO synthase (iNOS) and the production of nitrotyrosine to exert inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, thereby reducing ischemic brain damage.
    (+)-Erinacin A
  • HY-NP019
    Agkistrodon halys batroxobin
    		Inhibitor
    Agkistrodon halys batroxobin is a thrombin-like serine protease. Agkistrodon halys batroxobin reduces the expression of Sirt1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in brain tissue. Agkistrodon halys batroxobin reduces cleaved caspase-3 expression and inhibits neuronal apoptosis in rat.
    Agkistrodon halys batroxobin
  • HY-118304B
    AKN-028 acetate
    		Activator 99.95%
    AKN-028 acetate, a novel tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor, is a potent, orally active FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 6 nM. AKN-028 acetate inhibits FLT3 autophosphorylation. AKN-028 acetate induces dose-dependent cytotoxic response (mean IC50=1 μM). AKN-028 acetate induces apoptosisby activation of caspase 3. AKN-028 acetate can be used in research of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
    AKN-028 acetate
  • HY-12412
    ML132
    		Inhibitor 98.75%
    ML132 (NCGC-00183434) is a selective caspase 1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 34.9 nM. ML132 shows good stability that can be utilized as molecular probes of caspase 1. ML132 can be used for research in the field of anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory.
    ML132
  • HY-130437
    p-nitro-Pifithrin-α
    		Inhibitor
    p-nitro-Pifithrin-α, a cell-permeable analog of pifithrin-α, is a potent p53 inhibitor. p-nitro-Pifithrin-α suppresses p53-mediated TGF-β1 expression in HK-2 cells. p-nitro-Pifithrin-α inhibits the activation of caspase-3 by Zika virus (ZIKV) strains. p-nitro-Pifithrin-α attenuates steatosis and liver injury in mice fed a high-fat diet [4]. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
    p-nitro-Pifithrin-α
  • HY-116794
    SF5
    		Inhibitor 99.83%
    SF5 (2,2-Diphenylethyl isothiocyanate) is a sulforaphane analog. SF5 inhibits apoptosis by the JNK-p53-caspase pathway. SF5 can be used as a new renal protective agent for drug-resistant acute renal disease.
    SF5
  • HY-P6440
    Met-12
    		Inhibitor 99.53%
    Met-12 is a small peptide inhibitor of the Fas receptor. Met-12 can inhibit Fas receptor-mediated photoreceptor cell apoptosis, reduce Caspase activation. Met-12 can be used in the research of photoreceptor.
    Met-12
  • HY-P4449A
    Ac-VRPR-AMC TFA
    		99.69%
    Ac-VRPR-AMC TFA is a fluorogenic metacaspase substrate. Ac-VRPR-AMC TFA can be used to assay metacaspase activity.
    Ac-VRPR-AMC TFA
  • HY-W010155R
    Tryptophol (Standard)
    Tryptophol (Standard) (Indole-3-ethanol (Standard)) is an analytical standard of Tryptophol (HY-W010155). This product is intended for use in research and analytical applications.Tryptophol is an aromatic alcohol and secondary metabolite produced by microorganisms. Tryptophol induces Apoptosis and cleavage of caspase-8. Tryptophol inhibits Cunninghamella blakesleeana biofilm. Tryptophol has anti-phage infection, biofilm formation regulation, anti-inflammatory, hemolytic, sleep induction, temperature change, seizure susceptibility and immune regulation activities. Tryptophol is used in the research of African trypanosomiasis, sleep disorders, epilepsy.
    Tryptophol (Standard)
  • HY-125677
    SHetA2
    		Activator 99.70%
    SHetA2 is a derivative of heteroarotinoid, that exhibits cytotoxicity in cancer cells with IC50 of 0.37–4.6 μM. SHetA2 regulates cancer cells differentiation, induces apoptosis through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, and arrest cell cycle at G2 phase. SHetA2 exhibits good pharmacokinetic characteristics and antitumor efficacy in mice. SHetA2 is orally active.
    SHetA2
  • HY-12294
    PEAQX
    		Activator
    PEAQX (NVP-AAM077) is an orally active and selective NMDA antagonist, with IC50 values of 270 nM and 29.6 μM for hNMDAR 1A/2A and hNMDAR 1A/2B, respectively. PEAQX can promote the activation of caspase-3 and induce cell apoptosis in cortical striatal slice cultures.
    PEAQX
  • HY-P5983
    Ac-VEID-AFC
    		99.09%
    Ac-VEID-AFC is a caspase-6 fluorogenic substrate, and can be used in the caspase 6 activity assay.
    Ac-VEID-AFC
  • HY-123929
    PAWI-2
    		Activator 99.29%
    PAWI-2 is a p53-Activator and Wnt Inhibitor. PAWI-2 inhibits β3-KRAS signaling independent of KRAS. PAWI-2 selectively inhibits phosphorylation of TBK1. PAWI-2 activates apoptosis (activation of caspase-3/7), and induces PARP cleavage. PAWI-2 promotes optineurin translocation into the nucleus and causes G2/M arrest. PAWI-2 reverses cancer stemness and overcomes drug resistance in an integrin β3 KRAS-dependent human pancreatic cancer stem cells (hPCSCs). PAWI-2 inhibits growth of tumors from hPCSCs in orthopic xenograft mice model.
    PAWI-2
  • HY-134008
    Protoapigenone
    		Activator 99.84%
    Protoapigenone is an antineoplastic agent isolated from ferns. Protoapigenone has significant inhibitory activity against Hep G2, Hep 3B, MCF-7, A549 and MDAMB-231, with IC50s values of 1.60, 0.23, 0.78, 3.88 and 0.27 μg/mL respectively.
    Protoapigenone
  • HY-W004283R
    Pentadecanoic acid (Standard)
    		Activator
    α-Linolenic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of α-Linolenic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. α-Linolenic acid, isolated from Perilla frutescens, is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by humans. α-Linolenic acid can affect the process of thrombotic through the modulation of PI3K/Akt signaling. α-Linolenic acid possess the anti-arrhythmic properties and is related to cardiovascular disease and cancer.
    Pentadecanoic acid (Standard)
  • HY-P4449
    Ac-VRPR-AMC
    Ac-VRPR-AMC is a fluorogenic metacaspase substrate. Ac-VRPR-AMC can be used to tests metacaspase activity.
    Ac-VRPR-AMC
  • HY-147889
    BBR-BODIPY
    		Activator 98.15%
    BBR-BODIPY is a fluorescent probe that allows screening its interaction with the targeted cells. BBR-BODIPY induces apoptosis and changes the expression of apoptosis-related proteins.
    BBR-BODIPY
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download Caspase Signaling Pathway Map.

Upon binding to their cognate ligand, death receptors such as Fas and TRAILR can activate initiator Caspases (Pro-caspase 8 and Pro-caspase 10) through dimerization mediated by adaptor proteins such as FADD and TRADD. Active Caspase 8 and Caspase 10 then cleave and activate the effector Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. ROS/DNA damage and ER stress trigger Caspase 2 activation. Active Caspase 2 cleaves and activates Caspase 3 and initiates apoptosis directly. Caspase 2, 8 and 10 can also cleave Bid, stimulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Following MOMP, mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins such as Smac and Cytochrome C are released into the cytosol. Cytochrome C interacts with Apaf-1, triggering apoptosome assembly, which activates Caspase 9. Active Caspase 9, in turn, activates Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. Mitochondrial release of Smac facilitates apoptosis by blocking the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. 

 

Following the binding of TNF to TNFR1, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I. Formation of the complex IIa and complex IIb is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer in complex IIa and complex IIb generates active Caspase 8. This active Caspase 8 in the cytosol then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis[1][2]. 

 

Reference:

[1]. Thomas C, et al. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discovery volume 3, Article number: 17032 (2017).
[2]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74.

Caspase Isoform Comparison

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