2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
  4. COX

COX

Cyclooxygenase

COX

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Cyclooxygenase (COX), officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids, including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane. Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain. Drugs, like Aspirin, that inhibit cyclooxygenase activity have been available to the public for about 100 years. Two cyclooxygenase isoforms have been identified and are referred to as COX-1 and COX-2. Under many circumstances the COX-1 enzyme is produced constitutively (i.e., gastric mucosa) whereas COX-2 is inducible (i.e., sites of inflammation). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, exert their effects through inhibition of COX. The main COX inhibitors are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

COX Isoform Specific Products:

COX Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-113481
    Prostaglandin E3
    		Modulator ≥99.0%
    Prostaglandin E3 is an eicosanoid derived from eicosapentaenoic acid. Prostaglandin E3 inhibits polarization towards M1 but promotes polarization of M2a macrophages. Prostaglandin E3 shows anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity.
    Prostaglandin E3
  • HY-106583
    Piroxicam cinnamate
    		Inhibitor 99.19%
    Piroxicam cinnamate (Cinnoxicam) is a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, with anti-inflammatory activity. Piroxicam cinnamate is stable under gastric conditions, can be used for inflammatory-degenerative osteoarticular diseases, rheumatic disorders, and varicocele (VC) associated oligoasthenospermia research.
    Piroxicam cinnamate
  • HY-120442
    (±)16(17)-DiHDPA
    		≥99.0%
    (±)16(17)-DiHDPA is a epoxygenase metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid (HY-B2167). (±)16(17)-DiHDPA inhibits platelet aggregation at concentrations below those affecting thromboxane synthesis.
    (±)16(17)-DiHDPA
  • HY-N0427
    Phellodendrine
    		Inhibitor 99.60%
    Phellodendrine is an orally active plant alkaloid. Phellodendrine inhibits the proliferation of KRAS-mutated pancreatic cancer cells by suppressing macropinocytosis and glutamine metabolism, inducing ROS accumulation and mitochondrial apoptosis. Phellodendrine promotes autophagy by activating the AMPK/mTOR pathway, alleviating intestinal damage in ulcerative colitis. Phellodendrine can alleviate gouty arthritis by inhibiting the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Phellodendrine suppresses allergic reactions by altering the conformation of MRGPRB3/MRGPRX2 protein, thereby inhibiting the activation of PKC and subsequent downstream MAPK and NF-κB signaling. Phellodendrine inhibits the AKT/NF-κB pathway and down-regulates the expression of COX-2, thereby protecting zebrafish embryos from oxidative stress. Phellodendrine has an anti-major depressive disorder (MDD) effect by down-regulating CHRM1, HTR1A, and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
    Phellodendrine
  • HY-66005S1
    Acetaminophen-d3
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    Acetaminophen-d3 is the deuterium labeled Acetaminophen. Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 25.8 μM; is a widely used antipyretic and analgesic agent. Acetaminophen is a potent hepatic N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) inhibitor.
    Acetaminophen-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N8435
    Desoxo-narchinol A
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    Desoxo-narchinol A is an orally active and potent anti-inflammatory agent. Desoxo-narchinol A can be isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Nardostachys jatamansi. Desoxo-narchinol A can be used for septic shock and inflammatory diseases research.
    Desoxo-narchinol A
  • HY-B1221S1
    Flufenamic acid-13C6
    		Inhibitor
    Flufenamic acid-13C6 is the 13C6 labeled Flufenamic acid. Flufenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), activates AMPK, and also modulates ion channels, blocking chloride channels and L-type Ca2+ channels, modulating non-selective cation channels (NSC), activating K+ channels. Flufenamic acid binds to the central pocket of TEAD2 YBD and inhibits both TEAD function and TEAD-YAP-dependent processes, such as cell migration and proliferation.
    Flufenamic acid-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-119447
    Mavacoxib
    		Inhibitor 99.04%
    Mavacoxib is a selective, oral long-acting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor and a long-acting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Mavacoxib is used to treat pain and inflammation associated with degenerative joint disease in dogs.
    Mavacoxib
  • HY-129284
    APHS
    		Inhibitor
    APHS is a specific and covalent COX-2 inhibitor with neuroprotective effects. COX-2 is a prostaglandin (PG) synthetase overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) and has pleiotropic cancer-promoting effects. APHS modifies COX-2 by acetylating the active site (serine 516), thereby inhibiting prostaglandin production. The neuroprotective activity of APHS is inhibited by prostaglandin E2. APHS also co-inhibits the WNT pathway, an anti-tumor mechanism in addition to COX-2 inhibition.
    APHS
  • HY-15028
    Otenaproxesul
    		Inhibitor 98.03%
    Otenaproxesul (ATB-346), an orally active non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX-1 and 2). Otenaproxesul possesses antiinflammatory and antinociceptive activities.
    Otenaproxesul
  • HY-137004
    Indazole-Cl
    		Inhibitor 98.72%
    Indazole-Cl (Ind-Cl) is an Estrogen receptor (ER)-β-specific agonist with inflammatory effect. Indazole-Cl inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 exression reduction induced by hypoxia. And Indazole-Cl inhibits ROS production. Indazole-Cl also inhibits cell migration and invasion by hypoxia increased by hypoxia. Indazole-Cl is potent inhibitor of hypoxia-induced inflammation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).
    Indazole-Cl
  • HY-128473
    Valeryl salicylate
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    Valeryl salicylate is a potent and irreversible cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitor. Valeryl salicylate shows anti-inflammatory effect.
    Valeryl salicylate
  • HY-118139
    Desmethyl Celecoxib
    		Inhibitor 99.42%
    Desmethyl Celecoxib (compound 3b) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (IC50=32 nM) with anti-inflammatory activities. Desmethyl Celecoxib is an analog of Celecoxib and with the optimal yield of 75%.
    Desmethyl Celecoxib
  • HY-15036S1
    Diclofenac-13C6
    		Inhibitor 99.90%
    Diclofenac-13C6 is the 13C6 labeled Diclofenac. Diclofenac is a potent and nonselective anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 4 and 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2 in CHO cells, and 5.1 and 0.84 μM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Diclofenac induces apoptosis of neural stem cells (NSCs) via the activation of the caspase cascade.
    Diclofenac-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-134234
    Celecoxib carboxylic acid
    		Inhibitor 98.28%
    Celecoxib carboxylic acid is a metabolite of celecoxib (HY-14398). Celecoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 40 nM.
    Celecoxib carboxylic acid
  • HY-B1054
    Famprofazone
    		Inhibitor 98.38%
    Famprofazone is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that belongs to the pyrazolone series, and it has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects.
    Famprofazone
  • HY-12383
    Pelubiprofen
    		Inhibitor 99.27%
    Pelubiprofen is an orally active anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits COX enzyme activity (with IC50 values of 10.66 and 2.88 μM for COX-1 and COX-2, respectively). Pelubiprofen has significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
    Pelubiprofen
  • HY-114950
    EXP3179
    		Inhibitor 98.08%
    EXP3179 is an important intermediate aldehyde metabolite of Losartan. EXP3179 has no AT1-R–blocking activity, but potently inhibits the expression of endothelial cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. EXP3179 exerts potent anti-inflammatory actions.
    EXP3179
  • HY-78131S2
    Ibuprofen-d4
    		Inhibitor 99.28%
    Ibuprofen-d4 is a deuterium labeled Ibuprofen (HY-78131). Ibuprofen is a potent, orally active, selective COX-1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 13 μM. Ibuprofen inhibits cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and induces cell apoptosis. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent and a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Ibuprofen ((±)-Ibuprofen) can be used in the research of pain, swelling, inflammation, infection, immunology, cancers.
    Ibuprofen-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-106579
    Tiaprofenic acid
    		Inhibitor 99.93%
    Tiaprofenic acid is an orally active nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory and analgesic potency. Tiaprofenic acid inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by suppressing cyclo-oxygenase (COX). Tiaprofenic acid can be used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.
    Tiaprofenic acid
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
COX Isoform Comparison

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