2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N2110
    Phellopterin
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Phellopterin, an orally active furocoumarin with multiple biological activities. Phellopterin is a partial agonist of the central benzodiazepine receptors. Phellopterin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by upregulating SIRT1, downregulating ICAM-1 (reducing chronic inflammation, aiding diabetic ulcer healing), inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation (easing atopic dermatitis inflammation), regulating Akt/PKC pathways (lowering TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 to block monocyte adhesion), and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway and macrophage M2 polarization (alleviating colitis-related cancers). Phellopterin suppresses ovarian cancer progression via inhibiting the PU.1/CLEC5A/PI3K-AKT loop (inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, DNA damage). Phellopterin alleviates murine diabetes by promoting adipocyte differentiation and increasing PPARγ. Phellopterin also has anti-HSV-1 activity. Phellopterin can be used for studying anti-inflammation, anti-cancer (e.g., ovarian cancer, colitis cancer), blood glucose lowering, anti-diabetes, and anti-virus.
    Phellopterin
  • HY-112452
    SU11652
    		Inducer 99.18%
    SU11652 is a potent receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor. SU11652 also inhibits several members of the split kinase family of RTKs, including VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, and Kit. SU11652 can be uesd for spontaneous cancers expressing Kit mutations research.
    SU11652
  • HY-B1153A
    Glafenine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.03%
    Glafenine (Glafenin) hydrochloride is a non-selective, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-based COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor. Glafenine hydrochloride exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-cell migration effects by inhibiting the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway and reducing prostaglandin synthesis. Glafenine hydrochloride can induce cell cycle arrest in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells and reduce the synthesis of the extracellular matrix protein Tenascin. Glafenine hydrochloride can be used in the research of inflammatory-related diseases, vascular restenosis and cystic fibrosis (CF).
    Glafenine hydrochloride
  • HY-15079
    Talampanel
    		Inhibitor 99.77%
    Talampanel (LY300164) is an orally and selective α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor antagonis with anti-seizure activity. Talampanel (IVAX) has neuroprotective effects in rodent stroke models. Talampanel attenuates caspase-3 dependent apoptosis in mouse brain.
    Talampanel
  • HY-13561
    AZM475271
    		Inducer 99.89%
    AZM475271 (M475271) is an orally active and selective Src kinase inhibitor. AZM475271 inhibits phosphorylation of c-Src kinase, Lck, c-yes (IC50s = 0.01, 0.03, 0.08 μM, respectively). AZM475271 induces apoptosis. AZM475271 reduces tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo, and reduces microvessel density (MVD). AZM475271 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis. AZM475271 sensitizes tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of Gemcitabine (HY-17026).
    AZM475271
  • HY-N9933
    Tauro-β-muricholic acid
    		Inhibitor 99.83%
    Tauro-β-muricholic acid (TβMCA) is a trihydroxylated bile acid. Tauro-β-muricholic acid is a competitive and reversible FXR antagonist (IC50 = 40 μM). Tauro-β-muricholic acid has antiapoptotic effect. Tauro-β-muricholic acid inhibits bile acid-induced hepatocellular apoptosis by maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential.
    Tauro-β-muricholic acid
  • HY-103645
    GW779439X
    		Activator 99.85%
    GW779439X is a pyrazolopyridazine identified in an inhibitor of the S. aureus PASTA kinase Stk1. GW779439X potentiates the activity of β-lactam antibiotics against various MRSA and MSSA isolates, some even crossing the breakpoint from resistant to sensitive. GW779439X is an AURKA inhibitor and induces apoptosis by the caspases 3/7 pathway. MRSA:methicillin-resistant S. aureus; MSSA: methicillin-sensitive S. aureus
    GW779439X
  • HY-P99291
    Etaracizumab
    		≥99.0%
    Etaracizumab (LM 609) is an αvβ3 integrin IgG mAb. Etaracizumab is developed to target αvβ3+ cancer cells via NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Etaracizumab sterically hinders access of large ligands to the RGD-binding pocket, without obstructing it. Etaracizumab decreases p-Akt in vitro. Etaracizumab can decrease cancer proliferation and invasion. Etaracizumab induces tumor cell apoptosis, and inhibition ofαvβ3-mediated cell adhesion, endothelial cell migration and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Etaracizumab can be studied in anti-tumor research against cancers such as ovarian cancer, metastatic melanoma as well as advanced solid tumors. Recommend Isotype Control: Human IgG1 kappa, Isotype Control (HY-P99001).
    Etaracizumab
  • HY-W005288
    4-Vinylphenol (10% in Propylene glycol)
    		Inducer 98.46%
    4-Vinylphenol is found in the medicinal herb Hedyotis diffusa Willd, wild rice and is also the metabolite of p-coumaric and ferulic acid by lactic acid bacteria in wine. 4-Vinylphenol induces apoptosis and inhibits blood vessels formation and suppresses invasive breast tumor growth in vivo.
    4-Vinylphenol (10% in Propylene glycol)
  • HY-107430A
    Oxythiamine chloride hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Oxythiamine (Hydroxythiamine) chloride hydrochloride, an analogue of anti-metabolite, can suppress the non-oxidative synthesis of ribose and induce cell apoptosis. Oxythiamine chloride hydrochloride is a thiamine antagonist and inhibits transketolase (TK). Oxythiamine chloride hydrochloride inhibits cancer cell apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation.
    Oxythiamine chloride hydrochloride
  • HY-33350
    Clofilium tosylate
    		Inducer 99.60%
    Clofilium tosylate, a potassium channel blocker, induces apoptosis of human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells via Bcl-2-insensitive activation of caspase-3. Antiarrhythmic agent.
    Clofilium tosylate
  • HY-122778
    δ-Tocotrienol
    		Inducer 98.10%
    δ-Tocotrienol is a Vitamin E in vegetables, fruits, seeds, nuts, grains and oils. Vitamin E has become well known for its role as an antioxidant, in lowering cholesterol and other lipids, as a neuroprotective and anticancer agent, and in cardiovascular disease protection.
    δ-Tocotrienol
  • HY-103053
    PS121912
    PS121912 is a selective vitamin D receptor (VDR)-coregulator inhibitor. PS121912 has acceptable metabolic stability in vivo. PS121912 can be used for the research of cancer.
    PS121912
  • HY-N0648
    Monotropein
    		Inhibitor 99.09%
    Monotropein is an iridoid glycoside that can be isolated from the roots of Morinda officinalis. Monotropein inhibits the expression of inflammatory mediators in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. Monotropein exerts protective effects against IL-1β-induced apoptosis and catabolic responses on osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Monotropein has cartilage protective activity. Monotropein can alleviate Cisplatin (HY-17394)-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis through activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Monotropein can be studied in research for osteoarthritis, acute kidney injury and acute lung injury.
    Monotropein
  • HY-135906
    CK2/ERK8-IN-1
    		Activator 99.0%
    CK2/ERK8-IN-1 is a dual casein kinase 2 (CK2) (Ki of 0.25 µM) and ERK8 (MAPK15, ERK7) inhibitor with IC50s of 0.50 μM. CK2/ERK8-IN-1 also binds to PIM1, HIPK2 (homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2), and DYRK1A with Kis of 8.65 µM, 15.25 µM, and 11.9 µM, respectively. CK2/ERK8-IN-1 has pro-apoptotic efficacy.
    CK2/ERK8-IN-1
  • HY-139781
    PD-L1-IN-1
    		Inducer 98.01%
    PD-L1-IN-1 (Compound 10) is a potent PD-L1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 115 nM. PD-L1-IN-1 strongly binds with the PD-L1 protein and challenged it in a co-culture of PD-L1 expressing cancer cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells enhanced antitumor immune activity of the latter. PD-L1-IN-1 significantly exhibits low cytotoxicity in healthy cells.
    PD-L1-IN-1
  • HY-Y1117
    Melamine
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Melamine is an orally active inducer of Apoptosis. Melamine induces animal disease models. Melamine affects the activity of Sertoli cell and can be used for research on male reproductive function. Melamine also has neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Melamine induces cognitive impairment and acute kidney injury models. Melamine can also be used to induce bladder cancer and urinary stone models.
    Melamine
  • HY-135699
    TD52
    		Inducer
    TD52, an Erlotinib (HY-50896) derivative, is an orally active, potent cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) inhibitor. TD52 mediates the apoptotic effect in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells via regulating the CIP2A/PP2A/p-Akt signalling pathway. TD52 indirectly reduced CIP2A by disturbing Elk1 binding to the CIP2A promoter. TD52 has less p-EGFR inhibition and has potent anti-cancer activity. TD52 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    TD52
  • HY-N7844
    N6-Benzyladenosine
    		Inducer 99.72%
    N6-Benzyladenosine is an adenosine receptor agonist, has a cytoactive activity. N6-Benzyladenosine arrests cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and induces cell apoptosis. N6-Benzyladenosine also exerts inhibitory effect on T. gondii adenosine kinase and glioma-.
    N6-Benzyladenosine
  • HY-B1946
    Dimethoate
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Dimethoate is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. Dimethoate is an orally active acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Dimethoate induces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dimethoate induces DNA damage and cell apoptosis in vivo. Dimethoate affect immune system in mice.
    Dimethoate
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity