2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-18741
    VR23
    		Inducer 99.58%
    VR23 is a small molecule that potently inhibits the activities of trypsin-like proteasomes (IC50=1 nM), chymotrypsin-like proteasomes (IC50=50-100 nM), and caspase-like proteasomes (IC50=3 μM).
    VR23
  • HY-111485
    INCB-057643
    		Inducer 98.29%
    INCB-057643 is a novel, orally bioavailable BET inhibitor.
    INCB-057643
  • HY-P1411
    Psalmotoxin 1
    		Inducer 99.02%
    Psalmotoxin 1 (PcTx1) is a protein toxin that can bind at subunit-subunit interfaces of acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a). Psalmotoxin 1 is a potent and slective ASIC1a inhibitor (IC50: 0.9 nM) by increasing the apparent affinity for H+ of ASIC1a. Psalmotoxin 1 can induce cell apoptosis, also inhibits cell migration, proferliration and invasion of cancer cells. Psalmotoxin 1 can be used in the research of cancers, or neurological disease.
    Psalmotoxin 1
  • HY-13716
    Noscapine
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Noscapine ((S,R)-Noscapine) is an orally active phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid with potent antitussive. Noscapine exerts its antitussive effects by activating sigma opioid receptors and is a non-competitive Bradykinin inhibitor. Noscapine disrupts microtubule dynamics, induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis. Noscapine possesses anticancer, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory activities, and can cross the blood-brain barrier.
    Noscapine
  • HY-12660
    MPI-0479605
    		Inducer 99.54%
    MPI-0479605 is a potent and selective ATP-competitive inhibitor of Mps1, with an IC50 of 1.8 nM.
    MPI-0479605
  • HY-17423A
    Abacavir sulfate
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Abacavir sulfate (Abacavir Hemisulfate) is a competitive, orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Abacavir sulfate can inhibits the replication of HIV. Abacavir sulfate shows anticancer activity in prostate cancer cell lines. Abacavir sulfate can trespass the blood-brain-barrier and suppresses telomerase activity.
    Abacavir sulfate
  • HY-N0585
    (Rac)-Norcantharidin
    		Inducer 98.0%
    (Rac)-Norcantharidin ((Rac)-NCTD) is the racemic form of Norcantharidin. Norcantharidin is a demethylated derivative of Cantharidin (HY-N0209) and has antitumor activity.
    (Rac)-Norcantharidin
  • HY-N7036
    Rhamnetin
    		Inducer 99.18%
    Rhamnetin is a quercetin derivative found in Coriandrum sativum, inhibits secretory phospholipase A2 and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). Rhamnetin exhibits antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
    Rhamnetin
  • HY-14608S8
    L-Glutamic acid-d3
    		Inducer 98.00%
    L-Glutamic acid-d3 is the deuterium labeled L-Glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
    L-Glutamic acid-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-101015A
    OBAA
    		Inducer 99.31%
    OBAA is a potent phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 70 nM. OBAA blocks Melittin-induced Ca2+ influx in Trypanosoma brucei with an IC50 of 0.4 μM.
    OBAA
  • HY-111588
    Xanthoangelol
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Xanthoangelol, extracted from Angelica keiskei, suppresses obesity-induced inflammatory responses. Xanthoangelol possesses antibacterial activity. Xanthoangelol inhibits monoamine oxidases. Xanthoangelol induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma and leukemia cells.
    Xanthoangelol
  • HY-N0754
    Eupalinolide A
    		Inhibitor 99.92%
    Eupalinolide A is a Yes-associated protein (YAP) degrader and HSP70 inducer. Eupalinolide A inhibits osteogenic differentiation of tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs). Eupalinolide A induces autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via activating the ROS/ERK signaling pathway. Eupalinolide A protects PAM212 cells from UVB-, Menadione (HY-B0332)-, or heat shock-induced apoptosis. Eupalinolide A alleviates trauma-induced heterotopic ossification (HO) of Achilles tendon and inhibits growth of MHCC97-L and HCCLM3 hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft tumors in mice. Eupalinolide A can be used for the study of traumatic heterotopic ossification of tendons and hepatocellular carcinoma.
    Eupalinolide A
  • HY-W017443
    L-Asparagine monohydrate
    		99.77%
    L-Asparagine monohydrate is an essential amino acid for leukemic cells and a substrate for L-Asparaginase. L-Asparaginase is a potent anti-leukemic enzyme that promotes asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) depletion and inhibits protein biosynthesis in lymphoblasts. Removal of L-asparagine from plasma by L-Asparaginase results in inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis and subsequent apoptosis. L-Asparaginase has cell-killing ability in vitro and in vivo, and selectively inhibits the growth of cancer cells with low asparagine synthetase (AASNS) expression. L-Asparagine monohydrate can be used as a biomarker and sensor for the study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
    L-Asparagine monohydrate
  • HY-N0834
    Pulsatilla saponin D
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Pulsatilla saponin D (SB365), isolated from the root of Pulsatilla chinensis, is an anti-tumor agent.
    Pulsatilla saponin D
  • HY-158039
    YCH2823
    		Inducer 99.87%
    YCH2823 is an inhibitor of USP7 (IC50 = 49.6 nM; Kd = 0.117 μM). YCH2823 shows significant efficacy in inhibiting TP53 wild-type and mutant tumors, with approximately 5-fold higher potency than FT671. YCH2823 induce apoptosis. YCH2823 synergistic effects with mTOR inhibitors.
    YCH2823
  • HY-107426
    Verrucarin A
    		Activator 99.89%
    Verrucarin A (Muconomycin A), a Type D macrocyclic mycotoxin derived from the pathogen fungus Myrothecium verrucaria, is an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Verrucarin A inhibits growth of leukemia cell lines and activates caspases and apoptosis and inflammatory signaling in macrophages. Verrucarin A effectively increased the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and diminished the phosphorylation of ERK/Akt. Verrucarin A caused cell cycle deregulation through the induction of p21 and p53.
    Verrucarin A
  • HY-N6940
    Prosapogenin A
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Prosapogenin A, a natural product from Veratrum, induces apoptosis in human cancer cells in vitro via inhibition of the STAT3 signaling pathway and glycolysis.
    Prosapogenin A
  • HY-W010983
    SC-236
    		Inducer 99.59%
    SC-236 is an orally active COX-2 specific inhibitor (IC50 = 10 nM) and a PPARγ agonist. SC-236 suppresses activator protein-1 (AP-1) through c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. SC-236 exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing phosphorylation of ERK in a murine model.
    SC-236
  • HY-116147
    Ceranib-2
    		Inducer 99.25%
    Ceranib-2 is a potent and nonlipid ceramidase inhibitor that inhibits cellular ceramidase activity with an IC50 of 28 μM in SKOV3 cells. Ceranib-2 induces the accumulation of multiple ceramide species, decreases levels of sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and induces cell apoptosis. Anticancer activity.
    Ceranib-2
  • HY-108511
    PB28 dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.63%
    PB28 dihydrochloride, a cyclohexylpiperazine derivative, is a high affinity and selective sigma 2 (σ2) receptor agonist with a Ki of 0.68 nM. PB28 dihydrochloride is also a σ1 antagonist with a Ki of 0.38 nM. PB28 dihydrochloride is less affinity for other receptors. PB28 dihydrochloride inhibits electrically evoked twitch in guinea pig bladder and ileum with EC50 values of 2.62 μM and 3.96 μM, respectively. PB28 dihydrochloride can modulate SARS-CoV-2-human protein-protein interaction. PB28 dihydrochloride induces caspase-independent apoptosis and has antitumor activity.
    PB28 dihydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity