2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-125959
    Ucf-101
    		Inhibitor 99.65%
    Ucf-101 is a selective and competitive inhibitor of pro-apoptotic protease Omi/HtrA2, with an IC50 of 9.5 μM for His-Omi. Ucf-101 exhibits very little activity against various other serine proteases (IC50>200 μM). Ucf-101 has a natural red fluorescence at 543 nm that is used to monitor its ability to enter mammalian cells. Ucf-101 has a significant cardioprotective effect against MI/R injury and also has certain neuroprotective effect.
    Ucf-101
  • HY-107916
    Thyrotropin
    		Inhibitor
    Thyrotropin (TSH, Pretiron) is a thyroid-stimulating hormone produced by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Thyrotropin regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid. Thyrotropin induces transcriptional regulation of TH-gatekeeper genes in tanycytes through the Tshr/Gαq/PKC pathway. Thyrotropin prevents Apoptosis. Thyrotropin has an association of low levels with increased bone remodeling, reduced bone mass and a high fracture risk in mice. Thyrotropin is promising for research of skeletal remodeling, hyperthyroidism.
    Thyrotropin
  • HY-135318
    NBDHEX
    		Inducer 98.56%
    NBDHEX is a potent glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP1-1) inhibitor. NBDHEX induces apoptosis of tumor cells. NBDHEX acts as an anticancer agent by inhibiting GSTs catalytic activity, avoiding inconvenience of the inhibitor extrusion from the cell by specific pumps and disrupting the interaction between the GSTP1-1 and key signaling effectors. NBDHEX can also act as late-phase autophagy inhibitor.
    NBDHEX
  • HY-124676A
    DB2115 tertahydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.13%
    DB2115 tetrahydrochloride is a highly selective PU.1 inhibitor that suppresses the binding of PU.1 to DNA (IC50: 2.3 nM). DB2115 tetrahydrochloride can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. DB2115 tetrahydrochloride can be used in the research of tumors such as leukemia.
    DB2115 tertahydrochloride
  • HY-N0763
    Angelicin
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Angelicin is a furanocoumarin compound that functions as an inhibitor of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor activities. It suppresses the lytic replication of γ-herpesviruses, such as MHV-68, early during viral infection, potentially inhibiting RTA gene expression (IC50=28.95 μM). Angelicin also mitigates inflammation by inhibiting the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. Furthermore, it induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells by downregulating anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1, while activating caspase-9 and caspase-3.
    Angelicin
  • HY-Y1316
    Sodium benzoate
    		Activator 99.55%
    Sodium benzoate is an orally active pharmaceutical excipient, such as an antibacterial agent, preservative, lubricant, etc. Pharmaceutical excipients, or pharmaceutical auxiliaries, refer to other chemical substances used in the pharmaceutical process other than pharmaceutical ingredients. Pharmaceutical excipients generally refer to inactive ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations, which can improve the stability, solubility and processability of pharmaceutical preparations. Pharmaceutical excipients also affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes of co-administered drugs.Sodium benzoate activates NF-κB and induces Apoptosis. Sodium benzoate induces immune suppression and produces reproductively toxic. Sodium benzoate can be used for colon cancer and immune disease research.
    Sodium benzoate
  • HY-15489
    Scriptaid
    		Inducer 98.59%
    Scriptaid is a potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, used in cancer research. Scriptaid is also a sensitizer to antivirals and has potential for epstein-barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphomas treatment.
    Scriptaid
  • HY-14614A
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine chloride dihydrochloride
    		Inducer
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (S-Adenosyl methionine) chloride dihydrochloride is an orally active methyl group donor. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine chloride dihydrochloride is a dietary supplement with potent antidepressant effects. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine chloride dihydrochloride also has anti‑proliferative, pro‑apoptotic and anti‑metastatic roles in cancers. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine chloride dihydrochloride has the potential for, cancer, liver disease and osteoarthritis research.
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine chloride dihydrochloride
  • HY-N2187
    Deoxyshikonin
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Deoxyshikonin increases the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-A mRNA in HMVEC-dLy, promotes HIF-1α and HIF-1β subunit interaction and binds to specific DNA sequences targeted by HIF. Deoxyshikonin inhibited colorectal cancer (CRC) through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Deoxyshikonin has proangiogenesis effect and antitumor activity. Deoxyshikonin is an antibacterial agent against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and S. pneumonia (MIC=17 μg/mL).
    Deoxyshikonin
  • HY-N0408
    Picroside II
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Picroside II is an antioxidant with oral activity that can reduce the production of ROS and protect the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after CI/R injury, offering neuroprotective effects. Picroside II has antioxidant, immune-regulating, antiviral properties, and inhibits apoptosis. Picroside II alleviates the inflammatory response in sepsis by suppressing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathways.
    Picroside II
  • HY-N0316
    Mollugin
    		Inducer 99.48%
    Mollugin is an orally active and potent NF-κB inhibitor. Mollugin induces S-phase arrest of HepG2 cells, and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Mollugin induces DNA damage in HepG2 cells, as well as an increase in the expression of p-H2AX. Mollugin shows anti-cancer effect by inhibiting TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation. Mollugin enhances the osteogenic action of BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2) via the p38-Smad signaling pathway.
    Mollugin
  • HY-N0714A
    Berbamine dihydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Berbamine dihydrochloride is an inhibitor of NF-κB activity with remarkable anti-myeloma efficacy.
    Berbamine dihydrochloride
  • HY-16686
    α-Tocopherol phosphate
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    α-Tocopherol phosphate is an antioxidant that protects against long-wave UVA1 induced cell death and scavenge UVA1 induced ROS in a skin cell model. α-Tocopherol phosphate exhibits angiogenesis-promoting activity.
    α-Tocopherol phosphate
  • HY-W009203
    L-Cystine dihydrochloride
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    L-Cystine dihydrochloride is the dihydrochloride salt form of L-Cystine (HY-N0394). L-Cystine dihydrochloride elevates Nrf2 protein expression and activates Nrf2 transcription factor. L-cystine dihydrochloride reduces ROS generation and protects against oxidant- or Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced apoptosis. L-Cystine dihydrochloride combined with L-theanine (HY-15121) enhances the production of antigen-specific IgG by increasing glutathione (GSH) levels and T helper 2 (Th2) mediated responses in mice. L-Cystine dihydrochloride is promising for research of cystinuria and kidney stones
    L-Cystine dihydrochloride
  • HY-B0430A
    D-Pantothenic acid sodium
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    D-Pantothenic acid sodium (Sodium pantothenate) is an essential trace nutrient that functions as the obligate precursor of coenzyme A (CoA). D-Pantothenic acid sodium plays key roles in myriad biological processes, including many that regulate carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism.
    D-Pantothenic acid sodium
  • HY-100430
    CCF642
    		≥98.0%
    CCF642 is a potent protein disulfide isomerases (PDI) inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.9 μM. CCF642 causes acute endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in multiple myeloma cells accompanied by apoptosis-inducing calcium release. CCF642 has broad anti-multiple myeloma activity.
    CCF642
  • HY-126288
    ASTX029
    		Inducer 99.86%
    ASTX029 (Example 1) is a potent dual ERK1/2 inhibitor (IC50: 2.7 nM). ASTX029 has anti-cancer activity.
    ASTX029
  • HY-117037
    FR900359
    		Inducer 99.90%
    FR900359 is a depsipeptide selective inhibitor of Gαq/11/14 in mammalia, can inhibits ERK pathway. FR900359 suppresses the proliferation of melanoma cells and decreases of blood pressure. FR900359 also protected against airway hyperreactivity in murine models of allergen sensitization in Ovalbumins(HY-W250978)–induced sensitization model of asthma. FR900359 can be used for cancer and cardiovascular disease research.
    FR900359
  • HY-17507A
    Pantoprazole sodium
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Pantoprazole sodium (BY10232 sodium) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pantoprazole sodium, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole sodium improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole sodium significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142).
    Pantoprazole sodium
  • HY-B0942
    Benzethonium chloride
    		Inducer 98.47%
    Benzethonium chloride inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human recombinant α7 and α4β2 neurons in Xenopus laevis oocytes, which has antibacterial, anticancer, antisepsis and disinfection activity. Benzethonium chloride induced Apoptosis and activated caspases in cancer cell lines. Benzethonium chloride ablates the tumor-forming ability of FaDu cells, delays the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo.
    Benzethonium chloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity