Glioma

Gliomas are primary brain tumors arising from glial cells, the supportive cells of the central nervous system, and represent the most common type of malignant brain tumor, accounting for approximately 30% of all brain tumors and 80% of malignant ones. Classified by histological grade, gliomas range from low-grade (grade I–II) slow-growing tumors such as pilocytic astrocytomas to highly aggressive grade IV glioblastomas. They commonly occur in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes and can be well-circumscribed or diffusely infiltrative. Genetic alterations, particularly in IDH genes, play a key role in their pathogenesis and metabolic reprogramming, including increased glutamine synthesis. Symptoms result from mass effect and neurological dysfunction, manifesting as headaches, seizures, cognitive decline, and motor or sensory deficits. Treatment typically involves surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy, though outcomes vary significantly with tumor grade, with higher grades associated with poorer prognosis. Brainstem gliomas, such as diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), are particularly challenging due to their inoperable location. Despite advances, gliomas remain difficult to treat, underscoring the need for continued research into targeted therapies and improved diagnostic and prognostic markers.

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