Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis is a common IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity reaction triggered by exposure to airborne allergens such as pollen, pet dander, mold spores, dust mites, and cockroach droppings. It manifests as inflammation of the nasal mucosa, leading to symptoms including sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose (rhinorrhea), itching in the nose and eyes, watery eyes, and sore throat. Symptoms typically occur within minutes of allergen exposure and can significantly impact sleep and daily functioning. The condition is classified as seasonal (e.g., hay fever due to pollen) or perennial (due to indoor allergens like dust mites and pet dander). Eosinophils contribute to mucosal swelling and hyperreactivity in the nasal airways. Management involves avoidance of triggers, pharmacological treatments such as antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids, nasal rinses, and immunotherapy (allergy shots) to reduce allergic sensitivity.

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