2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-134608
    Cobalt protoporphyrin IX
    		Inducer
    Cobalt protoporphyrin IX (Co-PPIX) is a potent and specific heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inducer. Cobalt protoporphyrin IX exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activities against Influenza A virus (IAV).
    Cobalt protoporphyrin IX
  • HY-B1106A
    Tetrahydroxyquinone monohydrate
    		Activator
    Tetrahydroxyquinone monohydrate (Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone monohydrate), a primitive anticataract agent, is a redox active benzoquinone. Tetrahydroxyquinone monohydrate can take part in a redox cycle with semiquinone radicals, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
    Tetrahydroxyquinone monohydrate
  • HY-132927B
    Salpyran dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.55%
    Salpyran dihydrochloride is a Cu(II) selective chelator with therapeutic potential. Salpyran dihydrochloride prevents the formation of reactive oxygen species from the binary Cu(II)/H2O2 system.
    Salpyran dihydrochloride
  • HY-N10113
    Verrucarin J
    		Inducer 99.0%
    Verrucarin J (Muconomycin B) is a metabolite of the Myrothecium fungus family. Verrucarin J generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces apoptosis of cancer cell lines, such as A549, HCT 116 and SW-620 cells. Verrucarin J shows activities against Candida albicans and Mucor miehei. Verrucarin J inhibits arenavirus Junin (JUNV) yield with an IC50 of 1.2 ng/mL.
    Verrucarin J
  • HY-106359A
    Delmitide acetate
    		99.22%
    Delmitide (RDP58) acetate is an orally active d-isomer decapeptide with potent anti-inflammatory activity. Delmitide acetate inhibits production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and interleukin (IL)-12, and up-regulates heme oxygenase 1 activity. Delmitide acetate can be used for the research of ulcerative colitis.
    Delmitide acetate
  • HY-172942
    SP11
    		Inhibitor 98.91%
    SP11 is a mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor. SP11 activates Fis1 by binding to Cys41 (IC50: 9.4 µM) and increases the translocation of Drp1 to mitochondria. SP11 can be used in studies on the protection against oxidative stress damage.
    SP11
  • HY-77591R
    Cysteamine hydrochloride (Standard)
    Cysteamine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cysteamine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cysteamine hydrochloride (2-Aminoethanethiol hydrochloride) is an orally active agent for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis and an antioxidant.
    Cysteamine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-N2100
    6'-O-beta-D-Glucosylgentiopicroside
    		98.24%
    6'-O-beta-D-Glucosylgentiopicroside is a secoiridoid isolated from the roots of G. straminea. 6'-O-beta-D-Glucosylgentiopicroside strongly suppresses N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced superoxide generation.
    6'-O-beta-D-Glucosylgentiopicroside
  • HY-W250307
    Diphenyliodonium iodide
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    Diphenyliodonium iodide is an inhibitor of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Diphenyliodonium iodide can inhibit the accumulation of bisdemethoxycurcumin in fresh-cut yam by inhibiting the phenylpropanoid pathway and the biosynthesis of bisdemethoxycurcumin, thereby preventing the yellowing of fresh-cut yam. Diphenyliodonium iodide can be used in medicine and fruit preservation.
    Diphenyliodonium iodide
  • HY-N2157
    Pteryxin
    		Inhibitor 99.96%
    Pteryxin ((+)-Pteryxin) is an orally active multi-target inhibitor that targets NF-κB, MAPK, NLRP3 inflammasome, and Nrf2/ARE pathways. Pteryxin is also a BChE inhibitor (IC50=12.96 μg/mL) with a low inhibitory efficiency on AChE. Pteryxin inhibits the Ca2+-calcineurin-NFATc1 pathway by blocking NF-κB/MAPK signaling, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and reducing ROS generation, and activates Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzyme expression. Pteryxin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and osteoclastogenesis inhibitory activities. Pteryxin can be used in the study of inflammatory diseases, osteoporosis, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease.
    Pteryxin
  • HY-15121R
    L-Theanine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    L-Theanine (Standard) is the analytical standard of L-Theanine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L-Theanine (L-Glutamic Acid γ-ethyl amide) is a non-protein amino acid contained in green tea leaves, which blocks the binding of L-glutamic acid to glutamate receptors in the brain, and with neuroprotective, anticancer and anti-oxidative activities. L-Theanine can pass through the blood–brain barrier and is orally active.
    L-Theanine (Standard)
  • HY-119695
    Simvastatin acid
    		Inhibitor
    Simvastatin acid (Tenivastatin), a hydrolysate of Simvastatin (HY-17502), is a HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitor. Simvastatin acid reduces Indoxyl sulfate-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human cardiomyocytes. Simvastatin acid can also modulates OATP3A1 expression in cardiomyocytes and HEK293 cells transfected with the OATP3A1 gene.
    Simvastatin acid
  • HY-117245
    Pallidol
    		Inhibitor
    Pallidol is a potent and selective singlet oxygen quencher. Pallidol shows antioxidant and antifungal activities.
    Pallidol
  • HY-N2896
    Arjunolic acid
    		Inhibitor 98.83%
    Arjunolic acid is a saponin isolated from Cyclocarya paliurus and has various biologial activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial and anti-inflammory activities. Arjunolic acid is also a potent antioxidant and plays an important role in the protection of cells and tissues against deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species.
    Arjunolic acid
  • HY-N11003
    Vanicoside A
    		Inducer 99.40%
    Vanicoside A is a phenylpropanoid glycoside. Vanicoside A can be isolated from Polygonum pensylvanicum. Vanicoside A inhibits protein kinase C (PKC), induces substantial ROS production. Vanicoside A exhibits anticancer activity against melanoma.
    Vanicoside A
  • HY-N1980
    3'-Hydroxypuerarin
    		Inhibitor 99.44%
    3'-Hydroxypuerarin is an isoflavone isolated from the roots of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi. 3'-Hydroxypuerarin is a antioxidant, which shows marked ONOO(-), NO•, total ROS scavenging activities.
    3'-Hydroxypuerarin
  • HY-172209
    PPIA-IN-1
    		Inducer
    PPIA-IN-1 (Compound 20b) is the inhibitor for peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA) with a KD of 0.52 μM. PPIA-IN-1 exhibits antiproliferative activity in a variety of cancer cell lines (IC50 for HCT116 is 0.69 μM), arrests the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase, and exhibits anti-metastatic effect in cell HCT116. PPIA-IN-1 increases ROS, causes DNA damage, ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, inducing apoptosis in HCT116 through MAPK pathway. PPIA-IN-1 exhibits antitumor activity in mouse CT26 xenograft models.
    PPIA-IN-1
  • HY-N0413
    Hupehenine
    		Inducer 99.0%
    Hupehenine is an orally active isosteroidal alkaloid that can be extracted from F. hupehensis. Hupehenine exhibits activities such as antitussive, expectorant, anticancer, and antiparasitic. In vitro, Hupehenine can also inhibit α-synuclein seeded fibril formation, making it applicable for the research of Parkinson's disease and other related disorders.
    Hupehenine
  • HY-B0835
    Fenobucarb
    		Activator 98.30%
    Fenobucarb is a carbamate insecticide. Fenobucarb induces zebrafish developmental neurotoxicity through pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, degeneration and apoptosis. Fenobucarb is a possible risk factor to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems in animals.
    Fenobucarb
  • HY-I0508S
    Phthalic acid-d4
    		Inducer 98.36%
    Phthalic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Phthalic acid. Phthalic acid is the final common metabolite of phthalic acid esters (PAEs). Phthalic acid can be used for the synthesis of synthetic agents, such as isophthalic acid (IPA), and terephthalic acid (TPA). Phthalic acid has applications in the preparation of phthalate ester plasticizers. Phthalic acid exhibits mutagenic effect and causes genetic damage in mammalian germ cells.
    Phthalic acid-d<sub>4</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity