2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-50670
    DGAT-1 inhibitor 2
    		Activator
    DGAT-1 inhibitor 2 is an orally active DGAT-1 inhibitor with IC50 values of 15 nM and 9 nM for human DGAT-1 and rat DGAT-1, respectively. DGAT-1 inhibitor 2 increases ROS concentration, GRP78, and PERK protein abundance. DGAT-1 inhibitor 2 increases SREBF1, CPT1A, and MTTP mRNA in fatty acid-treated cells. DGAT-1 inhibitor 2 improves obesity.
    DGAT-1 inhibitor 2
  • HY-W040045
    Callistephin chloride
    		Inhibitor 98.02%
    Callistephin (Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside) chloride is an anthocyanin. Callistephin chloride regulates the expression of inflammatory (reducing iNOS/TNF-α/COX-2) and apoptosis-related proteins by inhibiting p38 phosphorylation, and enhances the protective effect of Isoflurane (HY-A0134) on microglial cell damage. Callistephin chloride significantly reduces ROS levels, eliminates DPPH free radicals, protects retinal pigment epithelial cells, and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Callistephin chloride can alleviate glutamate excitotoxicity, reduce neuronal apoptosis, and protect cerebellar granule neurons. Callistephin chloride can inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis.
    Callistephin chloride
  • HY-B0757A
    (±)-α-Tocopherol nicotinate
    		99.80%
    (±)-α-Tocopherol nicotinate, vitamin E - nicotinate, is an orally active fat-soluble antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation in cell membranes. (±)-α-Tocopherol nicotinate is hydrolysed in the blood to α -tocopherol and niacin and may be used in studies of related vascular diseases.
    (±)-α-Tocopherol nicotinate
  • HY-128972
    Purpurin 18
    Purpurin 18, a derivative of chlorophyll and a type of dihydroporphyrin, is used to produce photosensitizers. Purpurin 18 photodynamic therapy can induce cell apoptosis and has anti-tumor activity.
    Purpurin 18
  • HY-W011215
    Dihexyl phthalate
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Dihexyl phthalate is one of the commonly used phthalate esters in various plastics and consumer products. Dihexyl phthalate is classified as a priority pollutant and an endocrine disruptor. Dihexyl phthalate can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, promote inflammation, and lead to significant increases in apoptosis and inflammation-related gene expression levels. Dihexyl phthalate can cause testicular atrophy and is a reproductive toxicant.
    Dihexyl phthalate
  • HY-D0844R
    Glutathione oxidized (Standard)
    Glutathione oxidized (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glutathione oxidized. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glutathione oxidized (L-Glutathione oxidized) is produced by the oxidation of glutathione. Detoxification of reactive oxygen species is accompanied by production of glutathione oxidized. Glutathione oxidized can be used for the research of sickle cells and erythrocytes.
    Glutathione oxidized (Standard)
  • HY-128799A
    CL097 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.96%
    CL097, a potent TLR7 and TLR8 agonist, induces pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. CL097 induces NADPH oxidase priming, resulting in an increase of the fMLF-stimulated ROS production.
    CL097 hydrochloride
  • HY-N2035
    Moslosooflavone
    		Inhibitor 99.86%
    Moslosooflavone is a flavonoid isolated from Andrographis paniculata. Moslosooflavone has an anti-hypoxia and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Moslosooflavone
  • HY-N0929
    Hexahydrocurcumin
    		99.88%
    Hexahydrocurcumin is one of the major metabolites of curcumin and a selective, orally active COX-2 inhibitor. Hexahydrocurcumin is inactive against COX-1. Hexahydrocurcumin has antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Hexahydrocurcumin
  • HY-75342
    Methyl vanillate
    		99.88%
    Methyl vanillate, one of the ingredients in Oryza sativa Linn., is a Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator. A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of vanillic acid. It has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite.
    Methyl vanillate
  • HY-N4247
    Kuwanon G
    		Inhibitor 99.45%
    Kuwanon G is a flavonoid compound and an antagonist of the bombesin receptor. Kuwanon G has multiple activities such as bactericidal, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-atherosclerotic, and neuroprotective effects. Kuwanon G exhibits strong antibacterial activity against oral pathogens, especially cariogenic bacteria and periodontal pathogens. Kuwanon G can induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells. Kuwanon G can be used in the research of diseases such as gastric cancer and atherosclerosis.
    Kuwanon G
  • HY-W009356
    L-Cystine hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    L-Cystine hydrochloride is an orally active extracellular form of L-Cysteine (HY-Y0337), occurring in proteins of plants and animals. L-Cystine hydrochloride elevates Nrf2 protein expression and activates Nrf2 transcription factor. L-Cystine hydrochloride reduces ROS generation and protects against oxidant- or Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced apoptosis. L-Cystine hydrochloride combined with L-theanine (HY-15121) enhances the production of antigen-specific IgG by increasing glutathione (GSH) levels and T helper 2 (Th2) mediated responses in mice. L-Cystine hydrochloride is promising for research of cystinuria and kidney stones
    L-Cystine hydrochloride
  • HY-N2282
    Zingiberen newsaponin
    		Agonist 99.68%
    Zingiberen Newsaponin (Zingiberensis newsaponin) is an orally active type of steroid saponin compound. Zingiberen Newsaponin exerts anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) effects by inhibiting autophagy and the AKR1C1/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Zingiberen Newsaponin activates oxidative stress (upregulates ROS and MDA) and mitochondrial pathways, promoting cancer cell apoptosis. Zingiberen Newsaponin alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury by decreasing the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits NF-κB. Zingiberen Newsaponin can enhance the activity of SOD, eliminate free radicals and protect nerve cells. Zingiberen Newsaponin induces platelet aggregation.
    Zingiberen newsaponin
  • HY-N1478
    Gardenoside
    		Inhibitor 99.85%
    Gardenoside is an orally active natural compound found in Gardenia fruits. Gardenoside reliefs chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain by regulating the P2X3 and P2X7 receptors. Gardenoside has an inhibitory effect on free fatty acids (FFA)-induced cellular steatosis. Gardenoside reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Gardenoside can be used for anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and hepatoprotective study.
    Gardenoside
  • HY-N2787
    8-​Prenylnaringenin
    		Inhibitor 99.63%
    8-Prenylnaringenin is an orally active prenyl flavonoid. 8-Prenylnaringenin can be isolated from the hop spike Humulus lupulus. 8-Prenylnaringenin activates the PI3K/Akt pathway and the AMPK pathway, upregulates OXPHOS complexes (II, III, and V) and Sirt1, and reduces ROS production and SOD activity. 8-Prenylnaringenin improves muscle atrophy and obesity and inhibits angiogenesis. 8-Prenylnaringenin exhibits anticancer activity against glioblastoma and colon cancer. 8-Prenylnaringenin also has LH/FSH regulatory activity. 8-prenylnaringenin may be used in bone health research.
    8-​Prenylnaringenin
  • HY-137475
    Chlorin e6 trimethyl ester
    		99.81%
    Chlorin e6 trimethyl ester, a methyl pheophorbide-a derivative, is a photosensitizer that can be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT).
    Chlorin e6 trimethyl ester
  • HY-W103047
    1-Pyrenebutyric acid
    1-Pyrenebutyric acid is a fluorescence probe whose fluorescence lifetime depends on local oxygen and free radical concentrations. 1-Pyrenebutyric acid is used in fluorescence determination of DNA. 1-Pyrenebutyric acid can be used as a linker for biomolecules to form a self-assembled monolayer on grapheme. 1-Pyrenebutyric acid can also be used for the measurement of free radicals in solution and in living cells.
    1-Pyrenebutyric acid
  • HY-121618
    α-Thujone
    		Activator 98.07%
    α-Thujone is a monoterpene isolated from Thuja occidentalis essential oil with potent anti-tumor activities. α-Thujone is a reversible modulator of the GABA type A receptor and the IC50 for α-Thujone is 21 μM in suppressing the GABA-induced currents. α-Thujone induces ROS accumulation-dependent cytotoxicity, also induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. α-Thujone has antinociceptive, insecticidal, and anthelmintic activity, and can cross the blood-brain barrier.
    α-Thujone
  • HY-149265
    ROS-generating agent 1
    		Inducer 99.11%
    ROS-generating agent 1 (Compound 2c) covalently modifies the Sec-498 residue of TrxR to generate ROS. ROS-generating agent 1 reduces intracellular TrxR protein level. ROS-generating agent 1 results in ROS-dependent apoptosis and ferroptosis of NCI-H460 cells. ROS-generating agent 1 has anti-cancer activities.
    ROS-generating agent 1
  • HY-100607A
    Landiolol hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.96%
    Landiolol (ONO1101) hydrochloride is a highly selective, ultra-short-acting competitive inhibitor of β1 adrenergic receptors. Landiolol hydrochloride specifically blocks cardiac β1 receptors, reducing heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption. Landiolol hydrochloride inhibits TNF-α-induced excessive mitochondrial oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen species production in a sepsis model, alleviating renal injury. Landiolol hydrochloride has little effect on cardiac ion channels (such as L-type calcium current and inward rectifier potassium current) and has a weak negative inotropic effect. Landiolol hydrochloride can be used for perioperative tachycardia control and protection studies of sepsis-related acute kidney injury.
    Landiolol hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity