2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
  4. Mitochondrial Metabolism

Mitochondrial Metabolism

Mitochondrial Metabolism

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Mitochondria use multiple carbon fuels to produce ATP and metabolites, including pyruvate, which is generated from glycolysis; amino acids such as glutamine; and fatty acids. These carbon fuels feed into the TCA cycle in the mitochondrial matrix to generate the reducing equivalents NADH and FADH2, which deliver their electrons to the electron transport chain. Mitochondria are complex organelles that play an important role in many facets of cellular function, from metabolism to immune regulation and cell death. Mitochondria are actively involved in a wide variety of cellular processes and molecular interactions, such as calcium buffering, lipid flux, and intracellular signaling. It is increasingly recognized that mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of many diseases such as obesity/diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial metabolism is a key determinant of tumor progression by impacting on functions such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mitochondrial metabolism and derived oncometabolites shape the epigenetic landscape to alter aggressiveness features of cancer cells. Changes in mitochondrial metabolism are relevant for the survival of tumors in response to therapy.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W046353R
    2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (Standard) is the analytical standard of 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (o-Methoxycinnamaldehyde) is a natural compound that can be isolated from Cinnamomum cassia. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde inhibits topoisomerase-I/II and NF-κB signaling pathway, causes mitochondrial dysfunction, induces lysosomal vesiculation, thereby leading to DNA damage and cell apoptosis. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde exhibits antitumor effects.
    2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (Standard)
  • HY-116692
    Apoptosis inducer 34
    Apoptosis inducer 34 (Compound 4) is a small molecule compound that induces apoptosis by directly activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Apoptosis inducer 34 promotes Apaf-1 oligomerization to form mature apoptosomes, thereby activating caspase-9 and caspase-3. It significantly activates the apoptotic pathway in Jurkat cells by enhancing the cytochrome c-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway, inducing PARP cleavage and chromosomal DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, Apoptosis inducer 34 exhibits low toxicity to normal cells, demonstrating potential for selective targeting of cancer cells. Apoptosis inducer 34 is a promising candidate for studying cancer related to apoptotic pathways.
    Apoptosis inducer 34
  • HY-W040298
    Ciprofloxacin lactate
    		Inhibitor
    Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) lactate is a potent, orally active topoisomerase IV inhibitor. Ciprofloxacin lactate induces mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA damage and lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production. Ciprofloxacin lactate has anti-proliferative activity and induces apoptosis. Ciprofloxacin lactate is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, exhibiting potent antibacterial activity.
    Ciprofloxacin lactate
  • HY-B0263R
    Thiabendazole (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Thiabendazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Thiabendazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Thiabendazole inhibits worm-specific fumarate reductase and has anthelmintic properties.
    Thiabendazole (Standard)
  • HY-175739
    TFAM activator 1
    		Activator
    TFAM activator 1 (Compound 2) is a Transcription Factor A, Mitochondrial (TFAM) activator. TFAM activator 1 has an anti-inflammatory and mitochondrial dysfunction restoration activity. TFAM activator 1 increases TFAM protein levels and mtDNA copy number and inhibits mtDNA stress-mediated inflammatory responses with reduced cytokine (TNF-α, CXCL-10 and IFN) production by preventing mtDNA escape into the cytosol. TFAM activator 1 significantly increases ATP level, reduces fibrotic markers and enhances Treg 240 function. TFAM activator 1 can be used for mitochondrial dysfunction, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases research.
    TFAM activator 1
  • HY-141473
    Malonyl CoA tetralithium
    		Modulator
    Malonyl CoA (Malonyl coenzyme A) tetralithium is a substrate for fatty acid biosynthesis and an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation. Malonyl CoA tetralithium is also a reversible inhibitor of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) 1.
    Malonyl CoA tetralithium
  • HY-175673
    LCB-2151
    LCB-2151 (Compound 2), a nucleoside analogue, is an anticancer agent. LCB-2151 disrupts the two primary sources of ATP production (glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation), reducing the bioenergetic capacity of KRAS-mutated pancreatic cancer cells and inducing ROS formation. LCB-2151 effectively inhibits key enzymes (such as CACT and CPT2) in glycolysis, the TCA cycle and fatty acid β-oxidation. LCB-2151 has significant cytotoxicity and induces cells apoptosis. LCB-2151 can be used for radiation therapy of cancers research.
    LCB-2151
  • HY-152202
    Mitochondrial respiration-IN-3
    		Inhibitor
    Mitochondrial respiration-IN-3 is the fluorine derivative of Dalfopristin (HY-A0241). Mitochondrial respiration-IN-3 has cell membrane-permeable. Mitochondrial respiration-IN-3 can inhibit mitochondrial translation of glioblastoma stem cells. Mitochondrial respiration-IN-3 can be used in research of cancer.
    Mitochondrial respiration-IN-3
  • HY-174377
    PeS-9
    		Inducer

    PeS-9 is an Androgen Receptor (AR) degrader that induces androgen receptor degradation PeS-9 induces mitochondrial and ER stress by promoting cytotoxic ROS production, leading to the release of mitochondrial cytochrome C and AIF. PeS-9 subsequently activates caspases-9 and -3, causing DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death. PeS-9 has anticancer activity against prostate cancer and exerts in vivo antitumor and antimetastatic activity with minor side effects. PeS-9 can be used for the study of targeting monotherapy against GLUT-1-overexpressing tumors.
    PeS-9
  • HY-173007
    ALK/PI3K/AKT-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    ALK/PI3K/AKT-IN-1 (Compound 45) inhibits the proliferation of cancer cell A549, H1975 and PC9 with an IC50 of 0.44, 0.83 and 1.51 μM. ALK/PI3K/AKT-IN-1 increases the expression of p21 and p27, inhibits the activity of CDK2 and p-Rb, arrests the cell cycle at G1 phase. ALK/PI3K/AKT-IN-1 inhibits the ALK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, promotes the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, and inducing apoptosis in A549 cell. ALK/PI3K/AKT-IN-1 inhibits the formation and growth of A549 cell spheroids.
    ALK/PI3K/AKT-IN-1
  • HY-179016
    Ferroptosis/apoptosis inducer-3
    		Inhibitor
    Ferroptosis/apoptosis inducer-3 (Compound 34) is a Ferroptosis and Apoptosis inducer. Ferroptosis/apoptosis inducer-3 induces both Ferroptosis and Apoptosis by causing G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, disrupting mitochondrial membrane potentials, promoting lipid peroxidation, and increasing the levels of Ca2+ and Fe2+ through the activation of calcium/calmodulin signaling. Ferraplasm/apoptosis inducer-3 shows anticancer effects against cervical cancer, adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, and colorectal carcinoma.
    Ferroptosis/apoptosis inducer-3
  • HY-115946
    Complex III-IN-2
    		Inhibitor
    Complex III-IN-2 (Compd 4d-2) is a complex III inhibitor. Complex III-IN-2 shows antifungal activity with an EC50 of 29.98 mg/L and 29.31 mg/L against sclerotinia sclerotiorum and R. solani, respectively.
    Complex III-IN-2
  • HY-115945
    Complex III-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    Complex III-IN-1 (Compd 4c-2) is a complex III inhibitor. Complex III-IN-1 shows antifungal activity with an EC50 of 18.53 mg/L against sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
    Complex III-IN-1
  • HY-178495
    SDH-IN-36
    		Inhibitor
    SDH-IN-36 (Compound 17) is a derivative of alpha-D-tocopherol. SDH-IN-36 increases ROS and induces apoptosis by inhibiting SDHC and blocking electron transfer. SDH-IN-36 can inhibit the proliferation of various tumor cells, such as SSK4 (GI50 = 0.156 µM), SSNU638 (GI50 = 0.659 µM), and SKATOIII (GI50 = 0.490 µM) cells. SDH-IN-36 can significantly inhibit tumor growth. SDH-IN-36 can be used for research on cancers such as gastric cancer.
    SDH-IN-36
  • HY-125283A
    IM176OUT05 free base
    		Inhibitor
    IM176OUT05 free base (2-Me-Phen), a biguanide, is a mitochondrial OXPHOS inhibitor. IM176OUT0 free base inhibits mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) activity with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. IM176OUT05 free base activates stem cell metabolism, promotes hair regrowth and increases stemness induction and maintenance during the pluripotent stem cell generation process.
    IM176OUT05 free base
  • HY-156109
    PDK-IN-2
    		Modulator
    PDK-IN-2 (Compound 1F) is a PDK inhibitor (IC50: 68 nM). PDK-IN-2 inhibits the cellular expression of PDK1 and PDK4. PDK-IN-2 enhances mitochondrial bioenergetics, attenuates glycolytic phenotypes, and induces cell apoptosis in the mitochondrial pathway. PDK-IN-2 inhibits tumor growth in 4T1 syngeneic mice model.
    PDK-IN-2
  • HY-147816
    Anticancer agent 70
    		Inhibitor
    Anticancer agent 70 (Compound 21), an anticancer agent, exhibits remarkable cytotoxic activity against numerous human cancer cell lines. Anticancer agent 70 results in the G0/G1-cell cycle arrest with a concomitant increase in p53 and p21 protein levels. Anticancer agent 70 leads to ATP depletion and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential.
    Anticancer agent 70
  • HY-W402074
    5-Acetamide-Butenolide
    		Activator
    5-Acetamide-Butenolide (Butenolide) is a mycotoxin with pro-oxidant activity, which is found in Fusarium. 5-Acetamide-Butenolide disrupts the mitochondrial membrane potential in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. 5-Acetamide-Butenolide also induces the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in isolated rat myocardial mitochondria. 5-Acetamide-Butenolide increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreases the levels of GSH and reduces the viability of HepG2 cells.
    5-Acetamide-Butenolide
  • HY-B1334AS
    Perhexiline-d11 maleate
    		Inhibitor
    Perhexiline-d11 (maleate) is the deuterium labeled Perhexiline maleate. Perhexiline maleate is a potent carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT 1) inhibitor with IC50s of 77 and 148 μM for rat heart and liver CPT 1, respectively.
    Perhexiline-d<sub>11</sub> maleate
  • HY-B1836S
    Meldonium-d3
    		Inhibitor
    Meldonium-d3 is the deuterated form of Meldonium. Meldonium is a cardiovascular protective agent that competitively inhibits BBOX1 and OCTN2. The IC50 value of Mildronate against human recombinant BBOX is 34-62 μM, and the EC50 value against human OCTN2 is 21 μM. Meldonium is a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor.
    Meldonium-d<sub>3</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity