2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Cell Cycle/DNA Damage
    Epigenetics
  4. HDAC

HDAC

Histone deacetylases

HDAC

Related Products

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HDAC (Histone deacetylases) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O=C-CH3) from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on ahistone, allowing the histones to wrap the DNA more tightly. This is important because DNA is wrapped around histones, and DNA expression is regulated by acetylation and de-acetylation. Its action is opposite to that of histone acetyltransferase. HDAC proteins are now also called lysine deacetylases (KDAC), to describe their function rather than their target, which also includes non-histone proteins. Together with the acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases and the acetoin utilization proteins, the histone deacetylases form an ancient protein superfamily known as the histone deacetylase superfamily.

HDAC Isoform Specific Products:

HDAC Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-102083
    BRD4884
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    BRD4884 is a potent and brain-penetrant HDAC inhibitor with IC50 values of 29 nM, 62 nM, and 1090 nM for HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3, respectively. BRD4884 can be used for the study of cognitive impairment.
    BRD4884
  • HY-135115
    Oleuropein Aglycone
    		Inhibitor 98.46%
    Oleuropein Aglycone (3,4-DHPEA-EA) is a polyphenol and the aglycone form of oleuropein (HY-N0292), formed by enzymatic, acidic or acetylated hydrolysis of oleuropein. Dietary intake of oleuropein Aglycone (50 mg/kg diet) increases the number of neuronal autophagic vesicles, reverses cognitive deficits in the TgCRND8 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, and reduces the levels of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) in the cortex and hippocampus. Oleuropein Aglycone increases urinary norepinephrine, interscapular brown adipose tissue epinephrine, and UCP1 protein levels, and reduced plasma leptin levels and total abdominal adipose tissue weight in a rat model of high-fat diet-induced obesity. Oleuropein Aglycone also reduced lung neutrophil infiltration, lipid peroxidation, and IL-1β levels in a mouse model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy.
    Oleuropein Aglycone
  • HY-143411
    GEM144
    		Inhibitor
    GEM144 is a potent and orally active DNA polymerase α (POLA1) and HDAC 11 dual inhibitor. GEM144 induces acetylation of p53, activation of p21, G1/S cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. GEM144 has significant antitumor activity in human orthotopic malignant pleural mesothelioma xenografts.
    GEM144
  • HY-110280
    MC1742
    		Inhibitor 99.20%
    MC1742 is a potent HDAC inhibitor, with IC50s of 0.1 μM, 0.11 μM, 0.02 μM, 0.007 μM, 0.61 μM, 0.04 μM and 0.1 μM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC6, HDAC8, HDAC10 and HDAC11, respectively. MC1742 can increase acetyl-H3 and acetyl-tubulin levels and inhibits cancer stem cells growth. MC1742 can induce growth arrest, apoptosis, and differentiation in sarcoma CSC.
    MC1742
  • HY-161050
    YSR734
    		Inhibitor 98.20%
    YSR734 (Compound 21) is a covalent HDAC inhibitor with IC50 values of 110 nM, 154 nM, and 143 nM for HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3, respectively. YSR734 can induce apoptosis in leukemia cells. YSR734 can induce myoblast differentiation and is used in the study of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
    YSR734
  • HY-150859
    HDAC ligand-1
    HDAC ligand-1 is a HDAC ligand that can be used to synthesize PROTAC HDAC degraders, such as compounds 21a and 21b in references.
    HDAC ligand-1
  • HY-12954
    PTACH
    		Inhibitor 99.65%
    PTACH (NCH-51) is a potent HDAC inhibitor with IC50s of 48 nM, 32 nM, and 41 nM for HDAC1, HDAC4, and HDAC6, respectively. PTACH exerts potent growth inhibition against various cancer cells (EC50s of 1.1-9.1 μM) .
    PTACH
  • HY-146153
    HDAC-IN-40
    		Inhibitor 98.71%
    HDAC-IN-40 is a potent alkoxyamide-based HDAC inhibitor with Ki values of 60 nM and 30 nM for HDAC2 and HDAC6, respectively. HDAC-IN-40 had antitumor effects.
    HDAC-IN-40
  • HY-10585S2
    Valproic acid-d15
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    Valproic acid-d15 is the deuterium labeled Valproic acid. Valproic acid (VPA; 2-Propylpentanoic Acid) is an HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid sodium salt is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches.
    Valproic acid-d<sub>15</sub>
  • HY-146346
    HD-TAC7
    		Inhibitor 98.75%
    HD-TAC7 is a potent PROTAC HDAC degrader with IC50 values of 3.6 μM, 4.2 μM and 1.1 μM for HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3, respectively. HD-TAC7 can decreases NF-κB p65 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. HD-TAC7 can be used for the research of inflammatory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
    HD-TAC7
  • HY-149966
    PB131
    		Inhibitor 99.03%
    PB131 is a selective and brain-permeable HDAC6 inhibitor with high binding affinity (IC50: 1.8 nM). PB131 has potent anti-inflammatory activity. PB131 can be used for research of inflammation, especially neuroinflammation.
    PB131
  • HY-110264
    MI-192
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    MI-192 is a selective HDAC2 and HDAC3 inhibitor with IC50s of 30 nM and 16 nM, respectively. MI-192 is more selective for HDAC2/3 than other HDAC isomers.MI-192 induces myeloid leukaemic cells apoptosis. Anticaner and neuroprotective activities.
    MI-192
  • HY-130538
    1-Naphthohydroxamic acid
    		Inhibitor 99.72%
    1-Naphthohydroxamic acid (Compound 2) is a potent and selective HDAC8 inhibitor with an IC50 of 14 μM. 1-Naphthohydroxamic acid is more selectively for HDAC8 than class I HDAC1 and class II HDAC6 (IC50 >100 μM). 1-Naphthohydroxamic acid does not increase global histone H4 acetylation and also does not reduce total intracellular HDAC activity.1-Naphthohydroxamic acid can induce tubulin acetylation.
    1-Naphthohydroxamic acid
  • HY-171141
    HDAC6 ligand-2
    		Ligand 98.70%
    HDAC6 ligand-2 (Compound 15) is the ligand for HDAC6 that can be used for synthesis of PROTAC HDAC6 degrader 2 (HY-171139).
    HDAC6 ligand-2
  • HY-150109A
    Purinostat
    		Inhibitor
    Purinostat is a selective inhibitor of HDAC I/IIb with anti-leukemic activity. Purinostat mesylate (HY-150109), the mesylate salt of Purinostat, inhibits the survival of Ph+ leukemic cells and CD34+ leukemic cells derived from CML patients. Purinostat mesylate targets HDAC I/IIb to inhibit several important factors for leukemic stem cell (LSC) survival, including c-Myc, β-Catenin, E2f, Ezh2, Alox5, and mTOR. Purinostat mesylate increases glutamate metabolism in LSC by increasing GLS1.
    Purinostat
  • HY-18700
    BRD73954
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    BRD73954 is a potent HDAC inhibitor and selectively inhibiting both HDAC6 and HDAC8 with IC50 values of 0.0036, 0.12, 9, 12, 23 µM for HDAC6, HDAC8, HDAC2, HDAC1 and HDAC3, respectively. BRD73954 decreases the levels of HDAC6, associated with upregulation of Ac-Tubulin.
    BRD73954
  • HY-139650
    HDAC1/2-IN-3
    		Inhibitor 98.05%
    HDAC1/2-IN-3 is a HDAC1 and HDAC2 inhibitor with IC50 values 0-5 and 5-10 nM, respectively.
    HDAC1/2-IN-3
  • HY-10585AS1
    Valproic acid-d14 sodium
    		Inhibitor
    Valproic acid-d14 (sodium) is deuterium labeled Valproic acid (sodium). Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium Valproate) is an HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid sodium salt activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid sodium salt is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches.
    Valproic acid-d<sub>14</sub> sodium
  • HY-108701
    Nampt-IN-3
    		Inhibitor 98.97%
    Nampt-IN-3 (Compound 35) simultaneously inhibit nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and HDAC with IC50s of 31 nM and 55 nM, respectively. Nampt-IN-3 effectively induces cell apoptosis and autophagy and ultimately leads to cell death.
    Nampt-IN-3
  • HY-114483
    AES-135
    		Inhibitor 98.21%
    AES-135, a hydroxamic acid-based pan-HDAC inhibitor, prolongs survival in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. AES-135 inhibits HDAC3, HDAC6, HDAC8, and HDAC11 with IC50s ranging from 190-1100 nM.
    AES-135
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download HDAC Signaling Pathway Map.

TCR, GPCR and HDAC II interaction: Diverse agonists act through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to activate the PKC-PKD axis, CaMK, Rho, or MHC binding to antigens stimulates TCR to activate PKD, leading to phosphorylation of class II HDACs. Phospho-HDACs dissociate from MEF2, bind 14-3-3, and are exported to the cytoplasm through a CRM1-dependent mechanism. CRM1 is inhibited by leptomycin B (LMB). Release of MEF2 from class II HDACs allows p300 to dock on MEF2 and stimulate gene expression. Dephosphorylation of class II HDACs in the cytoplasm enables reentry into the nucleus[1].

 

TLR: TLR signaling is initiated by ligand binding to receptors. The recruitment of TLR domain-containing adaptor protein MyD88 is repressed by HDAC6, whereas NF-κB and MTA-1 can be negatively regulated by HDAC1/2/3 and HDAC2, respectively. Acetylation by HATs enhance MKP-1 which inhibits p38-mediated inflammatory responses, while HDAC1/2/3 inhibits MKP-1 activity. HDAC1 and HDAC8 repress, whereas HDAC6 promotes, IRF function in response to viral challenge. HDAC11 inhibits IL-10 expression and HDAC1 and HDAC2 represses IFNγ-dependent activation of the CIITA transcription factor, thus affecting antigen presentation[2][3].

 

IRNAR: IFN-α/β induce activation of the type I IFN receptor and then bring the receptor-associated JAKs into proximity. JAK adds phosphates to the receptor. STATs bind to the phosphates and then phosphorylated by JAKs to form a dimer, leading to nuclear translocation and gene expression. HDACs positively regulate STATs and PZLF to promote antiviral responses and IFN-induced gene expression[2][3].

 

Cell cycle: In G1 phase, HDAC, Retinoblastoma protein (RB), E2F and polypeptide (DP) form a repressor complex. HDAC acts on surrounding chromatin, causing it to adopt a closed chromatin conformation, and transcription is repressed. Prior to the G1-S transition, phosphorylation of RB by CDKs dissociates the repressor complex. Transcription factors (TFs) gain access to their binding sites and, together with the now unmasked E2F activation domain. E2F is then free to activate transcription by contacting basal factors or by contacting histone acetyltransferases, such as CBP, that can alter chromatin structure[4].

 

The function of non-histone proteins is also regulated by HATs/HDACs. p53: HDAC1 impairs the function of p53. p53 is acetylated under conditions of stress or HDAC inhibition by its cofactor CREB binding protein (CBP) and the transcription of genes involved in differentiation is activated. HSP90: HSP90 is a chaperone that complexes with other chaperones, such as p23, to maintain correct conformational folding of its client proteins. HDAC6 deacetylates HSP90. Inhibition of HDAC6 would result in hyperacetylated HSP90, which would be unable to interact with its co-chaperones and properly lead to misfolded client proteins being targeted for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system[5][6].
 

Reference:

[1]. Vega RB, et al. Protein kinases C and D mediate agonist-dependent cardiac hypertrophy through nuclear export of histone deacetylase 5.Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Oct;24(19):8374-85.
[2]. Shakespear MR, et al. Histone deacetylases as regulators of inflammation and immunity. Trends Immunol. 2011 Jul;32(7):335-43.
[3]. Suliman BA, et al. HDACi: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications in the innate immune system.Immunol Cell Biol. 2012 Jan;90(1):23-32. 
[4]. Brehm A, et al. Retinoblastoma protein meets chromatin.Trends Biochem Sci. 1999 Apr;24(4):142-5.
[5]. Butler R, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors as therapeutics for polyglutamine disorders.Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Oct;7(10):784-96
[6]. Minucci S, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and the promise of epigenetic (and more) treatments for cancer.Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Jan;6(1):38-51.

HDAC Isoform Comparison

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