2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Caspase

Caspase

Caspase

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Caspase is a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammation. There are two types of apoptotic caspases: initiator (apical) caspases and effector (executioner) caspases. Initiator caspases (e.g., CASP2, CASP8, CASP9, and CASP10) cleave inactive pro-forms of effector caspases, thereby activating them. Effector caspases (e.g., CASP3, CASP6, CASP7) in turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell, to trigger the apoptotic process. The initiation of this cascade reaction is regulated by caspase inhibitors. CASP4 and CASP5, which are overexpressed in some cases of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases caused by NALP1 variants, are not currently classified as initiator or effector in MeSH, because they are inflammatory enzymes that, in concert with CASP1, are involved in T-cell maturation.

Caspase Isoform Specific Products:

Caspase Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-177345
    SV119
    		Agonist
    SV119 is a selective sigma-2 (σ₂) receptor ligand (Ki ≈ 5-10 nM). SV119 induces apoptosis in various human cancer cell lines by activating caspase-3 and promoting mitochondrial depolarization. SV119 can enhance the effects of chemotherapeutic agents such as Paclitaxel (HY-B0015), increasing their cytotoxicity against tumor cells. SV119 significantly inhibits tumor growth in mouse xenograft models, both alone and in combination. SV119 is useful in the research of cancers such as breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancer.
    SV119
  • HY-163435
    Anticancer agent 201
    		Activator
    Anticancer agent 201 (Compound 2f) has IC50 values in the low micromolar range for multiple tumor cell lines. Anticancer agent 201 is highly cytotoxic to CCRF-CEM cells in vitro, inducing apotosis by activating caspase-3 in the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and lysis of PARP, as well as reducing the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL proteins. Anticancer agent 201 can be used in cancer research.
    Anticancer agent 201
  • HY-P3148
    Astin B
    		Activator
    Astin B is a orally active and potent cyclic pentapeptide, that can be isolated from Aster tataricus. Astin B has hepatotoxic effects in vitro and in vivo and that hepatic injury was primarily mediated by apoptosis in a mitochondria/caspase-dependent manner. Astin B induces autophagy in L-02 cells, increases LC3-II and decreases p62 expression.
    Astin B
  • HY-P10955
    Ac-AAVALLPAVLLALLAPVAD-CHO TFA
    		Inhibitor
    Ac-AAVALLPAVLLALLAPVAD-CHO (TFA) is a composite of Ac-VAD-CHO. Ac-AAVALLPAVLLALLAPVAD-CHO (TFA) is a non-selective caspase inhibitor as well as a cell permeable hydrophobic sequence derived from K-FGF.
    Ac-AAVALLPAVLLALLAPVAD-CHO TFA
  • HY-15733R
    Lucidin (Standard)
    		Activator
    Lucidin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lucidin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lucidin (NSC 30546) is a natural component of madder and can induce mutations in bacterial and mammalian cells.
    Lucidin (Standard)
  • HY-168953
    Lysosomal P-gp targeted agent 1
    		Inducer
    Lysosomal P-gp targeted agent 1 (Compound 14) is an anti-tumor agent targeting lysosomal P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Lysosomal P-gp targeted agent 1 is selectively transported into lysosomes by overexpressed Pgp, release nitric oxide (NO) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and inducing apoptosis. Lysosomal P-gp targeted agent 1 can overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance and lead to cell cycle arrest, but relatively low toxicity to normal cells. Lysosomal P-gp targeted agent 1 has antitumor activity, significantly inhibits tumor volume.
    Lysosomal P-gp targeted agent 1
  • HY-12294B
    (Rac)-PEAQX
    		Activator
    (Rac)-PEAQX is a NMDA receptor agonist. (Rac)-PEAQX can promote the activation of caspase-3 and induce cell apoptosis in cortical striatal slice cultures .
    (Rac)-PEAQX
  • HY-P10001
    Z-IETD-pNA
    Z-IETD-pNA (Z-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp-pNA) is a colorimetric caspase-8 and granzyme B substrate. Z-IETD-pNA is hydrlyzed by caspase 8 to generate pNA.
    Z-IETD-pNA
  • HY-162360
    EGFR-IN-109
    		Activator
    EGFR-IN-109 (compound 4) is an EGFR inhibitor, with the IC50 values of 25.8 and 182.3 nM for EGFRWT and EGFRT790M, respectively. EGFR-IN-109 arrests the cancer cells’ growth at the G2/M phase and induces both early and late apoptosis. EGFR-IN-109 can be used in cancer research.
    EGFR-IN-109
  • HY-146253
    CDK1/2/4-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    CDK1/2/4-IN-1 (compound 3a) is a potent CDK inhibitor with IC50 values of 1.47, 0.78 and 0.87 μM for CDK1, CDK2 and CDK4, respectively. CDK1/2/4-IN-1 arrests cell cycle at G2/M phase and induces apoptosis. CDK1/2/4-IN-1 elevates Bax, caspase-3, P53 levels and decreases Bcl-2 level. CDK1/2/4-IN-1 can be used for cancer research.
    CDK1/2/4-IN-1
  • HY-W748509
    Pipernonaline
    		Activator
    Pipernonaline is a piperine derivative with antiprostate cancer activity. Pipernonaline inhibits the proliferation of androgen-dependent/independent LNCaP/PC-3 prostate cells. Pipernonaline activates caspase-3 and promotes procaspase-3/PARP cleavage. Pipernonaline also mediates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increased intracellular Ca(2+), and mitochondrial membrane depolarization.
    Pipernonaline
  • HY-175021
    HDAC-IN-91
    		Agonist
    HDAC-IN-91 is a multiple inhibitor of HDAC (IC50 = 134.22 nM for HDAC1, 66.29 nM for HDAC2), carbonic anhydrase (CA) (Ki = 72.03 nM for CA IX, 50.76 nM for XII), and tubulin polymerization ( IC50 = 2.56 μM). HDAC-IN-91 inhibits PARP1 and increases the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. HDAC-IN-91 blocks the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and induces apoptosis through a mitochondrial apoptosis activation mechanism. HDAC-IN-91 can exert potent cytotoxic activity through tubulin polymerization inhibition. HDAC-IN-91 can be used in breast, colorectal, cervical and lung cancer research.
    HDAC-IN-91
  • HY-178953
    NLRP3-IN-84
    		Inhibitor
    NLRP3-IN-84 (Compound 32) is a NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor. NLRP3-IN-84 can interfere with the oligomerization process of NLRP3 by inhibiting the activity of NLRP3 ATPase (IC50 = 158.4 nM). NLRP3-IN-84 inhibits Caspase-1 (IC50 = 27.7 nM), IL-1β release (PBMC: IC50 = 19.5 nM; mPBMC: IC50 = 24.2 nM), and ASC plaque formation (IC50 = 131 nM). NLRP3-IN-84 has no inhibitory activity on NLRC4 and AIM2 inflammasomes. NLRP3-IN-84 exhibits significant in vivo anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse acute peritonitis model. NLRP3-IN-84 can be used for the study of NLRP3-related inflammatory diseases.
    NLRP3-IN-84
  • HY-P10146
    Ac-LETD-CHO
    		Inhibitor
    Ac-LETD-CHO is a caspases 8 inhibitor. Ac-LETD-CHO has specific inhibition to casp-8 with an IC50 value of 6.71 nM. Ac-LETD-CHO can be used for the research of anticancer.
    Ac-LETD-CHO
  • HY-N0716AR
    Berberine hemisulfate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Berberine (hemisulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Berberine (hemisulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Berberine hemisulfate is the hemisulfate form of Berberine (HY-N0716). Berberine hemisulfate is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian. Berberine hemisulfate exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibiobic, antitumor, cardiovascular protective and neuroprotective activity.
    Berberine hemisulfate (Standard)
  • HY-120736
    MEB55
    		Activator
    MEB55 is an antitumor agent. MEB55 shows anti-proliferative activity. MEB55 has the potential for the research of prostate cancer.
    MEB55
  • HY-134563
    Z-Asp(OMe)-Gln-Met-Asp(OMe)-FMK
    		Inhibitor
    Z-Asp(OMe)-Gln-Met-Asp(OMe)-FMK is an inhibitor for caspase-3, and inhibits Dihydroartemisinin (HY-N0176) and Dictamnine (HY-N0849) co-induced apoptosis.
    Z-Asp(OMe)-Gln-Met-Asp(OMe)-FMK
  • HY-157546
    VEGFR-2-IN-40
    VEGFR-2-IN-40 is a VEGFR-2 inhibitor. VEGFR-2-IN-40 boosts early and late apoptosis. VEGFR-2-IN-40 decreases the levels immunomodulatory proteins TNF-α and IL-6 while showing a four-fold rise in an apoptotic marker caspase-3.
    VEGFR-2-IN-40
  • HY-171992
    COX-2-IN-55
    		Activator
    COX-2-IN-55 (compound 1) is an orally active, Celecoxib (HY-14398)-based analog with broad-spectrum anticancer activity and weak COX-2 inhibition. COX-2-IN-55 specifically inhibits SERCA2, increases caspase-3 cleavage and DR5 levels, thereby activating GRP78 and inhibiting the development of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). COX-2-IN-55 can also downregulate the levels of angiogenic markers VEGF-α and IL-8, inhibiting the formation of microvessels.
    COX-2-IN-55
  • HY-170434
    Bfl-1-IN-6
    		Activator
    Bfl-1-IN-6 (Compound 20) is an orally active inhibitor for Bcl-2 related protein A1 (BFL1) with an IC50 of 19 nM. Bfl-1-IN-6 stabilizes BFL1 protein, activates cleaved caspase 3, and exhibits antitumor efficacy in mouse models.
    Bfl-1-IN-6
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download Caspase Signaling Pathway Map.

Upon binding to their cognate ligand, death receptors such as Fas and TRAILR can activate initiator Caspases (Pro-caspase 8 and Pro-caspase 10) through dimerization mediated by adaptor proteins such as FADD and TRADD. Active Caspase 8 and Caspase 10 then cleave and activate the effector Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. ROS/DNA damage and ER stress trigger Caspase 2 activation. Active Caspase 2 cleaves and activates Caspase 3 and initiates apoptosis directly. Caspase 2, 8 and 10 can also cleave Bid, stimulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Following MOMP, mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins such as Smac and Cytochrome C are released into the cytosol. Cytochrome C interacts with Apaf-1, triggering apoptosome assembly, which activates Caspase 9. Active Caspase 9, in turn, activates Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. Mitochondrial release of Smac facilitates apoptosis by blocking the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. 

 

Following the binding of TNF to TNFR1, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I. Formation of the complex IIa and complex IIb is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer in complex IIa and complex IIb generates active Caspase 8. This active Caspase 8 in the cytosol then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis[1][2]. 

 

Reference:

[1]. Thomas C, et al. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discovery volume 3, Article number: 17032 (2017).
[2]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74.

Caspase Isoform Comparison

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