2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Caspase

Caspase

Caspase

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Caspase is a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammation. There are two types of apoptotic caspases: initiator (apical) caspases and effector (executioner) caspases. Initiator caspases (e.g., CASP2, CASP8, CASP9, and CASP10) cleave inactive pro-forms of effector caspases, thereby activating them. Effector caspases (e.g., CASP3, CASP6, CASP7) in turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell, to trigger the apoptotic process. The initiation of this cascade reaction is regulated by caspase inhibitors. CASP4 and CASP5, which are overexpressed in some cases of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases caused by NALP1 variants, are not currently classified as initiator or effector in MeSH, because they are inflammatory enzymes that, in concert with CASP1, are involved in T-cell maturation.

Caspase Isoform Specific Products:

Caspase Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-P10822
    ED11
    		Inhibitor
    ED11 is a potent and selective caspase-6 inhibitor with an IC50 of 12.12 nM. ED11 competes with Htt for the caspase-6 active site, and thus reduce Htt cleavage. ED11 can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). ED11 has the potential for the study of Huntington's disease (HD).
    ED11
  • HY-179019
    HDAC-IN-94
    		Activator
    HDAC-IN-94 is a potent, selective HDAC6 inhibitor (IC50 = 4.5 nM). HDAC-IN-94 shows >1000-fold selectivity over HDAC8 and shows minimal activity against other isoforms (HDAC1-3, 10). HDAC-IN-94 induces α-tubulin hyperacetylation, apoptosis, and G2/M cell cycle arrest, exhibiting potent anti-tumor efficacy with low cytotoxicity. HDAC-IN-94 can be used for neuroblastoma and glioblastoma research.
    HDAC-IN-94
  • HY-162895
    NL13
    		Inducer
    NL13 is a Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 2.32 μM. NL13 can inhibit the viability of PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells, with IC50 values of 3.51 μM and 2.53 μM, respectively. NL13 can lead to the inactivation of the AKT signaling pathway by downregulating CCNB1/CDK1, inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest, and triggering apoptosis through the cleavage of caspase-9/caspase-3. In prostate cancer mice, NL13 can inhibit tumor growth.
    NL13
  • HY-N0809R
    Sesamolin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Sesamolin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sesamolin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sesamolin, isolated from Sesamum indicum, has antioxidative activity, Sesaminol inhibits lipid peroxidation and shows neuroprotection effect. Sesamolin potently inhibits MAPK cascades by preventing phosphorylation of JNK, p38 MAPKs, and caspase-3 but not ERK-MAPK expression.
    Sesamolin (Standard)
  • HY-131688R
    2-Chlorohexadecanoic acid (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Neomycin (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Neomycin (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Neomycin sulfate, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, exerts antibacterial activity through irreversible binding of the nuclear 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby blocking bacterial protein synthesis. Neomycin sulfate is a known phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor. Neomycin sulfate potently inhibits both nuclear translocation of angiogenin and angiogenin-induced cell proliferation and angiogenesis.
    2-Chlorohexadecanoic acid (Standard)
  • HY-178021
    HDAC1-IN-11
    		Activator
    HDAC1-IN-11 (Compound 6) is a HDAC1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 106.6  nM. HDAC1-IN-11 inhibits the expression of Sp1 and RAD51, thereby inducing Caspase-dependent apoptosis. HDAC1-IN-11 has antitumor activity and sensitizes Etoposide (HY-13629) and Gemcitabine (HY-17026), promoting synergistic death of NSCLC cells through the inhibition of homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways involved in DNA DSB repair. HDAC1-IN-11 can be used for chemotherapy of cancers like NSCLC research.
    HDAC1-IN-11
  • HY-161991
    Caspase-3 activator 4
    		Activator
    Caspase-3 activator 4 (compound 4o) is a potent and cross the blood-brain barrier caspase-3 activator. Caspase-3 activator 4 shows antiproliferative activity. Caspase-3 activator 4 induces apoptosis. Caspase-3 activator 4 increases the gene expression of TNF-α. Caspase-3 activator 4 decreases the protein expression of cleaved caspases 3/caspases 3.
    Caspase-3 activator 4
  • HY-175019
    VEGFR-2-IN-70
    		Agonist
    VEGFR-2-IN-70 is a potent VEGFR-2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 18.04 nM. VEGFR-2-IN-70 exhibits cytotoxicity against A549 and MCF-7 cancer cells with IC50 values of 0.43 μM and 3.8 μM, respectively. VEGFR-2-IN-70 induces G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in lung cancer cells. VEGFR-2-IN-70 is useful in cancer research.
    VEGFR-2-IN-70
  • HY-170787
    TZEP7
    		Activator
    TZEP7 is an EGFR kinase inhibitior in cancer cells. TZEP7 exhibits cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines and induces apoptosis. TZEP7 demonstrates downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2, upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax, and increases caspase levels. TZEP7 is promising for research of anticancer agent.
    TZEP7
  • HY-125354
    Limonin glucoside
    		Activator
    Limonin glucoside can be isolated from seeds of Citrus reticulata. Limonin glucoside induces activation of caspase-3. Limonin glucoside inhibits the proliferation of human colon adenocarcinoma (SW480) cells (IC50: 37.39 μM).
    Limonin glucoside
  • HY-178950
    Hck-IN-3
    		Inhibitor
    Hck-IN-3 is an orally effective inhibitor targeting HCK (KD = 3.92 μM). Hck-IN-3 can inhibit the release of NO. Hck-IN-3 has an IC50 of 6.52 μM in RAW264.7 cells. Hck-IN-3 can inhibit the release of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in a concentration dependent manner. Hck-IN-3 downregulates the protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, pro-caspase-1, and pro-IL-1β in a concentration dependent manner. Hck-IN-3 can be used for research on acute non traumatic inflammatory conditions.
    Hck-IN-3
  • HY-N0716BR
    Berberine sulfate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Berberine (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Berberine (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Berberine sulfate is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian, as an antibiotic. Berberine sulfate induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Berberine sulfate has antineoplastic properties. The sulfate form improves bioavailability[1][2].
    Berberine sulfate (Standard)
  • HY-N0346AR
    (E)-Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (Standard)
    		Activator
    (E)-Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (Standard) is the analytical standard of (E)-Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (E)-Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate is a natural product found in Kaempferia galangal with anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic and anti-microbial effects. (E)-Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 in vitro with IC50s of 1.12 and 0.83 μM, respectively.
    (E)-Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (Standard)
  • HY-178039
    CDK9-IN-42
    		Inhibitor
    CDK9-IN-42 is a potent and selective CDK9 inhibitor with an IC50of 3.8 nM. CDK9-IN-42 can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis by downregulating Myc-1 and c-Myc. CDK9-IN-42 can be used for the research of cancer, such as breast and lungcancer.
    CDK9-IN-42
  • HY-15503
    PHA-690509
    		Inhibitor
    PHA-690509 is an anti-ZikV compound that inhibits ZikV replication. PHA-690509 is also a CDK inhibitor, and inhibits caspase-3 activity.
    PHA-690509
  • HY-147901
    KDM1/CDK1-IN-1
    		Activator
    KDM1/CDK1-IN-1 (compound 4) is a potent KDM1 and CDK1 inhibitor, with IC50 values of 0.096 and 0.078 μM, respectively.KDM1/CDK1-IN-1 induces cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptosis in HOP-92 cells. KDM1/CDK1-IN-1 exhibits potent cytotoxic activity against the CCRF-CEM, HOP-92 and Hep-G2 cells, with IC50 values of 16.34, 3.45 and 7.79 μM, respectively.
    KDM1/CDK1-IN-1
  • HY-P11298
    d-T101 peptide
    		Activator
    d-T101 peptide, a human hormone-peptide, is a T1/ST2 receptor ligand. d-T101 peptide binds to the T1/ST2 receptor and activates caspases 8, 9 and 3 mediated apoptosis, together with activation of JNKinase and p38 MAPKinase. d-T101 peptide also changes Golgi structural with function loss and downregulation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress repair mechanism. d-T101 peptide has immunostimulatory and anticancer activity, selectively induces apoptosis in proliferating cancer cells and increases IL-2 and IFN-γ expression as well as the recruitment of NK cells and M1 macrophages to the tumor site.
    d-T101 peptide
  • HY-B2046S
    Simazine-d10
    Simazine-d10 is the deuterium labeled Simazine (HY-B2046). Simazine is a triazine herbicide. Simazine is widely used in agriculture, potted plant and tree production. In addition, Simazine can induce the apoptosis of immune cells in the spleen of mice and inhibit the proliferation of B cells and T cells in mice.
    Simazine-d<sub>10</sub>
  • HY-RS01966
    Casp8 Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A
    		Inhibitor

    Casp8 Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for Casp8 gene (Mouse), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control.
    Casp8 Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A
  • HY-124122
    BPTQ
    		Activator
    BPTQ is a potent inhibitor against VEGFR1 and CHK2 with IC50 values of 0.54 and 1.70 µmol/L, respectively. BPTQ is also an intercalator of DNA with anticancer activities. BPTQ inhibits the proliferation of HL-60 cells by arresting cells at S and G2/M phase with an IC50 value of 12 µmol/L. BPTQ also activates the mitochondria-mediated Apoptosis pathway by a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, increase in the Bax:Bcl-2 ratio and activation of caspases.
    BPTQ
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download Caspase Signaling Pathway Map.

Upon binding to their cognate ligand, death receptors such as Fas and TRAILR can activate initiator Caspases (Pro-caspase 8 and Pro-caspase 10) through dimerization mediated by adaptor proteins such as FADD and TRADD. Active Caspase 8 and Caspase 10 then cleave and activate the effector Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. ROS/DNA damage and ER stress trigger Caspase 2 activation. Active Caspase 2 cleaves and activates Caspase 3 and initiates apoptosis directly. Caspase 2, 8 and 10 can also cleave Bid, stimulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Following MOMP, mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins such as Smac and Cytochrome C are released into the cytosol. Cytochrome C interacts with Apaf-1, triggering apoptosome assembly, which activates Caspase 9. Active Caspase 9, in turn, activates Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. Mitochondrial release of Smac facilitates apoptosis by blocking the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. 

 

Following the binding of TNF to TNFR1, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I. Formation of the complex IIa and complex IIb is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer in complex IIa and complex IIb generates active Caspase 8. This active Caspase 8 in the cytosol then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis[1][2]. 

 

Reference:

[1]. Thomas C, et al. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discovery volume 3, Article number: 17032 (2017).
[2]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74.

Caspase Isoform Comparison

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