2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13901R
    GANT 61 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    GANT 61 (Standard) is the analytical standard of GANT 61. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. GANT 61 is an inhibitor of Gli1 and Gli2 targeting the Hedgehog/GLI pathway.
    GANT 61 (Standard)
  • HY-14286R
    Levosimendan (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Levosimendan (Standard) is the analytical standard of Levosimendan. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Levosimendan (Simsndan; OR-1259) is a calcium sensitiser used in the management of acutely decompensated congestive heart failure.
    Levosimendan (Standard)
  • HY-W654320
    Piperin-d10
    		Inducer
    Piperin-d10 is deuterium labeled Piperine. Piperine is an alkaloid, can be isolated from pepper. Piperine can inhibit the activity of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. Piperine inhibits HeLa cells with an IC50 of 61.94±0.054 μg/mL.
    Piperin-d<sub>10</sub>
  • HY-50910R
    Temsirolimus (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Temsirolimus (Standard) is the analytical standard of Temsirolimus. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Temsirolimus is an inhibitor of mTOR with an IC50 of 1.76 μM. Temsirolimus activates autophagy and prevents deterioration of cardiac function in animal model.
    Temsirolimus (Standard)
  • HY-76847S4
    Chenodeoxycholic acid-d2
    Chenodeoxycholic acid-d2 (CDCA-d2) is deuterium labeled Chenodeoxycholic Acid. Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.
    Chenodeoxycholic acid-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-50751R
    Linifanib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Linifanib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Linifanib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Linifanib (ABT-869) is a potent and orally active multi-target inhibitor of VEGFR and PDGFR family with IC50s of 4, 3, 66, and 4 nM for KDR, FLT1, PDGFRβ, and FLT3, respectively. Linifanib shows prominent antitumor activity. Linifanib has much less activity against unrelated RTKs, soluble tyrosine kinases, or serine/threonine kinases. Linifanib is a specific miR-10b inhibitor that blocks miR-10b biogenesis.
    Linifanib (Standard)
  • HY-B1189R
    Meglutol (Standard)
    Meglutol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Meglutol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Meglutol is a lipid-lowering agent. Meglutol can reduces cholesterol, triglycerides, serum β-lipoprotein, and phospholipids, and inhibits the activity of HMG-CoA reductase (a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis). Meglutol can induce significant lipid oxidative damage in brain tissue. It is promising for research in the field of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases.
    Meglutol (Standard)
  • HY-13271R
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tubastatin A (Hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tubastatin A (Hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tubastatin A Hydrochloride (Tubastatin A HCl) is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay, and is selective (1000-fold more) against all other isozymes except HDAC8 (57-fold more). Tubastatin A Hydrochloride also inhibits HDAC10 and metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B0233S
    Isradipine-d3
    		Inducer
    Isradipine-d3 (PN 200-110-d3) is the deuterium labeled Isradipine. Isradipine (PN 200-110) is an orally active L-type calcium channel blocker. Isradipine, as a powerful peripheral vasodilator, is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with selective actions on the heart as well as the peripheral circulation. Isradipine is a potentially viable neuroprotective agent for Parkinson's disease.
    Isradipine-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-15304R
    Dynasore (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dynasore (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dynasore. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dynasore is a cell-permeable dynamin inhibitor with an IC50 of 15 μM. Dynasore blocks cell migration.
    Dynasore (Standard)
  • HY-13271AR
    Tubastatin A (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tubastatin A (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tubastatin A. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tubastatin A is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with an IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay, and is selective (1000-fold more) against all other isozymes except HDAC8 (57-fold more). Tubastatin A also inhibits HDAC10 and metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    Tubastatin A (Standard)
  • HY-B0180R
    Imiquimod (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Imiquimod (Standard) is the analytical standard of Imiquimod. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Imiquimod (R 837), an immune response modifier, is a selective toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Imiquimod exhibits antiviral and antitumor effects in vivo. Imiquimod can be used for the research of external genital, perianal warts, cancer and COVID-19.
    Imiquimod (Standard)
  • HY-N3182A
    N-Methylnuciferine iodide
    		Activator
    N-Methylnuciferine iodide, an alkaloid from Lotus Plumule, ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behavior.
    N-Methylnuciferine iodide
  • HY-121618R
    α-Thujone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    α-Thujone (Standard) is the analytical standard of α-Thujone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. α-Thujone is a monoterpene isolated from Thuja occidentalis essential oil with potent anti-tumor activities. α-Thujone is a reversible modulator of the GABA type A receptor and the IC50 for α-Thujone is 21 μM in suppressing the GABA-induced currents. α-Thujone induces ROS accumulation-dependent cytotoxicity, also induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. α-Thujone has antinociceptive, insecticidal, and anthelmintic activity, and easily penetrates the blood-brain barrier.
    α-Thujone (Standard)
  • HY-10115R
    PI-103 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    PI-103 (Standard) is the analytical standard of PI-103. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. PI-103 is a potent PI3K and mTOR inhibitor with IC50s of 8 nM, 88 nM, 48 nM, 150 nM, 20 nM, and 83 nM for p110α, p110β, p110δ, p110γ, mTORC1, and mTORC2. PI-103 also inhibits DNA-PK with an IC50 of 2 nM. PI-103 induces autophagy.
    PI-103 (Standard)
  • HY-13781R
    Pemetrexed disodium hemipenta hydrate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pemetrexed (disodium hemipenta hydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pemetrexed (disodium hemipenta hydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pemetrexed disodium hemipenta hydrate is a novel antifolate, the Ki values of the pentaglutamate of LY231514 are 1.3, 7.2, and 65 nM for inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT), respectively.
    Pemetrexed disodium hemipenta hydrate (Standard)
  • HY-132549S
    Nilotinib-d3
    		Inducer
    Nilotinib-d3 is the deuterium labeled Nilotinib. Nilotinib is an orally available Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity.
    Nilotinib-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N0703R
    Schaftoside (Standard)
    Schaftoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Schaftoside. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Schaftoside is a flavonoid found in a variety of Chinese herbal medicines, such as Eleusine indica. Schaftoside inhibits the expression of TLR4 and Myd88. Schaftoside also decreases Drp1 expression and phosphorylation, and reduces mitochondrial fission.
    Schaftoside (Standard)
  • HY-10255AS1
    Sunitinib-d4
    		Inducer
    Sunitinib-d4 is the deuterium labeled Sunitinib. Sunitinib (SU 11248) is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 80 nM and 2 nM for VEGFR2 and PDGFRβ, respectively. Sunitinib, an ATP-competitive inhibitor, effectively inhibits autophosphorylation of Ire1α by inhibiting autophosphorylation and consequent RNase activation.
    Sunitinib-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-14543R
    Sertindole (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sertindole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sertindole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sertindole (Lu 23-174) is an orally active 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, dopamine D2, and αl-adrenergic receptors antagonist. Sertindole shows antipsychotic activity and anti-proliferative activity to multiple cancer cells.
    Sertindole (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.