2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B1727
    Phenanthrene
    		99.66%
    Phenanthrene is an orally active polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that induces inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Additionally, phenanthrene is commonly used to detect or assess PAH pollution in the environment.
    Phenanthrene
  • HY-13649
    Indibulin
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Indibulin (ZIO 301), an orally applicable inhibitor of tubulin assembly, shows potent anticancer activity with a minimal neurotoxicity. Indibulin reduces inter-kinetochoric tension, produces aberrant spindles, activates mitotic checkpoint proteins Mad2 and BubR1, and induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis.
    Indibulin
  • HY-15079
    Talampanel
    		Inhibitor 99.77%
    Talampanel (LY300164) is an orally and selective α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor antagonis with anti-seizure activity. Talampanel (IVAX) has neuroprotective effects in rodent stroke models. Talampanel attenuates caspase-3 dependent apoptosis in mouse brain.
    Talampanel
  • HY-101073
    Salermide
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Salermide is an inhibitor of Sirt1 and Sirt2; can cause strong cancer-specific apoptotic cell death.
    Salermide
  • HY-18377
    Bioymifi
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Bioymifi (DR5 Activator), a potent TRAIL receptor DR5 activator, binds to the extracellular domain (ECD) of DR5 with a Kd of 1.2 μM. Bioymifi can act as a single agent to induce DR5 clustering and aggregation, leading to apoptosis.
    Bioymifi
  • HY-115403
    FKGK18
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    FKGK18 is a selective group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (GVIA iPLA2) inhibitor. FKGK18 is a fluoroketone (FK)-based compound with IC50s of 50 nM and 3 μM for iPLA2β and iPLA2γ. FKGK18 can be used for the research of beta-cell apoptosis and diabetes.
    FKGK18
  • HY-14608S5
    L-Glutamic acid-13C5
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    L-Glutamic acid-13C5 is the 13C-labeled L-Glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
    L-Glutamic acid-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-155339
    Anticancer agent 168
    		Inducer
    Anticancer agent 168 (compound d16) is a inhibitor of DNA2. Anticancer agent 168 induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest mainly at S-phase, and exhibits anticancer activities and overcomes chemotherapy resistance in mutp53-bearing cancers.
    Anticancer agent 168
  • HY-N6253
    Pinoresinol
    		Inducer 99.48%
    Pinoresinol is a lignol of plant origin serving for defense in a caterpillar. Pinoresinol drastically sensitizes cancer cells against TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) -induced apoptosis.
    Pinoresinol
  • HY-B0854
    Mancozeb
    		Inducer
    Mancozeb is a widely used fungicide that is effective against fungal diseases in most cereals, vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants. In addition, Mancozeb can cause liver damage in mice by activating the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Mancozeb upregulates lactate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c to alter cell metabolism and induce cell death. Mancozeb has reproductive toxicity and can induce apoptosis in ovarian cells.
    Mancozeb
  • HY-W046353
    2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde
    		Inducer 98.95%
    2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (o-Methoxycinnamaldehyde) is a natural compound that can be isolated from Cinnamomum cassia. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde inhibits topoisomerase-I/II and NF-κB signaling pathway, causes mitochondrial dysfunction, induces lysosomal vesiculation, thereby leading to DNA damage and cell apoptosis. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde exhibits antitumor effects.
    2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde
  • HY-D0162
    Malachite green hemioxalate
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Malachite green hemioxalate (MCCK1) is a triphenylmethane dye which can be used to detect the release of phosphate in enzymatic reactions. Malachite green hemioxalate has antibacterial activity, which is attributed to inhibition of intracellular enzymes, insertion into DNA and/or interaction with cell membranes. Malachite green hemioxalate is also a potent and selective inhibitor of IKBKE, and inhibits its downstream targets such as IκBα, p65 and IRF3. Malachite green hemioxalate exhibits antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo.
    Malachite green hemioxalate
  • HY-W013075
    Rutin trihydrate
    		Inducer
    Rutin (Rutoside) trihydrate is a multifunctional natural flavonoid glycoside. Rutin trihydrate has been demonstrating excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-carcinogenic properties. Cardioprotective and neuroprotective activities .
    Rutin trihydrate
  • HY-N2384
    Febrifugine
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Febrifugine is a quinazolinone alkaloid that inhibits P. falciparum and has antimalarial activity. Febrifugine inhibits bladder cancer by inhibiting DNA synthesis, inducing apoptosis, and reducing steroids.
    Febrifugine
  • HY-N2450
    Sulforaphene
    		Inducer 99.80%
    Sulforaphene, isolated from radish seeds, exhibits an ED50 against velvetleaf seedlings approximately 2 x 10-4 M. Sulforaphene promotes cancer cells apoptosis and inhibits migration via inhibiting EGFR, p-ERK1/2, NF‐κB and other signals.
    Sulforaphene
  • HY-13703A
    Nimustine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.22%
    Nimustine hydrochloride (ACNU) is the hydrochloride salt form of Nimustine (HY-13703). Nimustine hydrochloride is an alkylating agent, which induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and inter-strand crosslinks (ICLs), thereby activating the DNA damage response (DDR) signaling pathway. Nimustine hydrochloride activates p38 MAPK/JNK signaling pathway, and exhibits antitumor activity.
    Nimustine hydrochloride
  • HY-163707
    UR778Br
    		Inducer 99.20%
    UR778Br targets the GTPase-activating protein-related domain (GRD domain) of IQGAP1 proteins. UR778Br inhibits the proliferation of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML), arrests the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, and induces apoptosis. UR778Br inhibits colony formation of primary and AML cells, without significant impacts on normal bone marrow cells.
    UR778Br
  • HY-N2193
    Hirsutine
    		Inducer 99.46%
    Hirsutine, an indole alkaloid of Uncaria rhynchophylla, exhibits anti-cancer activity. Hirsutine induces apoptosis and is a potent Dengue virus inhibitor exhibiting low cytotoxicity.
    Hirsutine
  • HY-136780
    SEN177
    		Inhibitor 98.76%
    SEN177 is an orally effect glutamine cyclase (QC) inhibitor. The Ki of SEN177 for human glutamine cyclase (hQC) is 20 nM, and the IC50 is 13 nM. SEN177 interferes with the interaction between CD47 and SIRRPα, and has anti-tumor activity. SEN177 reduces aggregation and apoptosis caused by HTT mutation in Huntington model, and can be used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases.
    SEN177
  • HY-N6843
    Arnicolide D
    		Inducer 99.69%
    Arnicolide D is a sesquiterpene lactone that can be isolated from Centipeda minima. Arnicolide D is cytotoxic to tumor cells and can induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and oncosis in tumor cells. Arnicolide D has anti-tumor activity.
    Arnicolide D
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity