2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Related Products

PDF 16.38 MB

Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-17412R
    Minocycline hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Modulator
    Minocycline (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Minocycline (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Minocycline hydrochloride is an orally active, potent and BBB-penetrated semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic. Minocycline hydrochloride is a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α inhibitor. Minocycline hydrochloride shows anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and glutamate antagonist effects. Minocycline hydrochloride reduces glutamate neurotransmission and shows neuroprotective properties and antidepressant effects. Minocycline hydrochloride inhibits bacterial protein synthesis through binding with the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, resulting in a bacteriostatic effect.
    Minocycline hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-16322
    Minodronic acid
    		Inducer 99.67%
    Minodronic acid (YM-529) is a third-generation bisphosphonate that directly and indirectly prevents proliferation, induces apoptosis, and inhibits metastasis of various types of cancer cells. Minodronic acid (YM-529) is an antagonist of purinergic P2X2/3 receptors involved in pain.
    Minodronic acid
  • HY-N7106
    Dimethyl phthalate
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) can be used as a plasticizer to impart flexibility to rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. Additionally, Dimethyl phthalate is an oral active endocrine disruptor that can cause ovarian dysfunction in mice. Dimethyl phthalate can also induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in cells, thereby affecting blood and red blood cell function in rats.
    Dimethyl phthalate
  • HY-N2258
    Poncirin
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Poncirin is isolated from Poncirus trifoliata with anti-inflammory activites. Poncirin significantly reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain models.
    Poncirin
  • HY-19759
    SRT 2183
    		Inducer 98.06%
    SRT 2183 is a selective Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) activator with an EC1.5 value of 0.36 μM. SRT 2183 induces growth arrest and apoptosis, concomitant with deacetylation of STAT3 and NF-κB, and reduction of c-Myc protein levels.
    SRT 2183
  • HY-N2575
    Hypocrellin A
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Hypocrellin A is a PKC inhibitor that exerts antidiabetic activity by reversing the effects of high glucose on endothelin (ET-1) expression. Hypocrellin A is also a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) with anticancer, antibacterial and antiviral activities, especially against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In addition, Hypocrellin-A also possesses anti-Leishmania activity (IC50=0.27 μg/ml).
    Hypocrellin A
  • HY-N2447
    Amarogentin
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Amarogentin is a secoiridoid glycoside that is mainly extracted from Swertia and Gentiana roots. Amarogentin exhibits many biological effects, including anti-oxidative, anti-tumour, and anti-diabetic activities. Amarogentin exerts hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects. Amarogentin promotes apoptosis, arrests G2/M cell cycle and downregulates of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathways. Amarogentin exerts beneficial vasculo-metabolic effect by activating AMPK.
    Amarogentin
  • HY-N0781
    Linderalactone
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Linderalactone is an important sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Lindera aggregata. Linderalactone inhibits cancer growth by modulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and inhibition of JAK/STAT signalling pathway. Linderalactone also inhibits the proliferation of the lung cancer A-549 cells with an IC50 of 15 µM.
    Linderalactone
  • HY-N0840
    Bruceantin
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Bruceantin ((-)-Bruceantin) is a quassinoid found in B. javanica. Bruceantin activates caspase signaling pathway, causes the mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell differentiation and apoptosis. Bruceantin exhibits anti-leukemia and antiprotozoal activities.
    Bruceantin
  • HY-N6605
    Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside
    		99.58%
    Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (Trifolin) is an orally active flavonoid derivative that can be found in the aerial parts of Consolida oliverana. Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside exhibits antitumor and cardioprotective effects.
    Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside
  • HY-14596S
    Genistein-d4
    		Inducer 98.81%
    Genistein-d4 is the deuterium labeled Genistein. Genistein, a soy isoflavone, is a multiple tyrosine kinases (e.g., EGFR) inhibitor which acts as a chemotherapeutic agent against different types of cancer, mainly by altering apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis.
    Genistein-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-10115A
    PI-103 Hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.55%
    PI-103 Hydrochloride is a dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor with IC50s of 8 nM, 88 nM, 48 nM, 150 nM, 20 nM, and 83 nM for p110α, p110β, p110δ, p110γ, mTORC1, and mTORC2. PI-103 Hydrochloride also inhibits DNA-PK with an IC50 of 2 nM. PI-103 Hydrochloride induces autophagy.
    PI-103 Hydrochloride
  • HY-14581
    Palomid 529
    		Inducer 99.37%
    Palomid 529 is a potent inhibitor of mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes.
    Palomid 529
  • HY-N3415
    Kumatakenin
    		Activator 99.20%
    Kumatakenin, a flavonoid that is isolated from cloves shows the effect of inducing apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells.
    Kumatakenin
  • HY-B1295
    Lithium citrate tetrahydrate
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Lithium citrate (Litarex) tetrahydrate is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Lithium citrate tetrahydrate induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Lithium citrate tetrahydrate cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Lithium citrate tetrahydrate is also an acidulant, emulsifier, sequestrant and buffering agent widely used across many industries.
    Lithium citrate tetrahydrate
  • HY-B0239R
    Chloramphenicol (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Chloramphenicol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chloramphenicol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chloramphenicol is an orally active, potent and broad-spectrum antibiotic. Chloramphenicol shows antibacterial activity. Chloramphenicol represses the oxygen-labile transcription factor and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in hypoxic A549 and H1299 cells. Chloramphenicol suppresses the mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucose transporter 1, eventually decreasing VEGF release. Chloramphenicol can be used for anaerobic infections and lung cancer research.
    Chloramphenicol (Standard)
  • HY-P2048
    MOTS-c (human)
    		Inhibitor 99.90%
    MOTS-c (human) is a blood-brain barrier-penetrating, mitochondrial-derived peptide that modulates the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway to enhance insulin sensitivity. MOTS-c (human) inhibits the folate cycle and de novo purine synthesis, increases AICAR levels to activate AMPK, and then regulates the Nrf2/Keap1 antioxidant pathway and inhibits the NF-κB inflammatory pathway, while promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism. MOTS-c (human) has the effects of improving glucose and lipid metabolism, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes, traumatic brain injury, inflammatory diseases and aging-related metabolic disorders.
    MOTS-c (human)
  • HY-13267
    Droxinostat
    		Inducer 98.91%
    Droxinostat (NS 41080) is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Droxinostat selectively inhibits HDAC3, HDAC6, and HDAC8 with IC50 values of 16.9 μM, 2.47 μM, and 1.46 μM, respectively. Droxinostat can be used for the research of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
    Droxinostat
  • HY-16012A
    Domatinostat
    		Inducer 99.34%
    Domatinostat (4SC-202 free base) is a selective class I HDAC inhibitor with IC50 of 1.20 μM, 1.12 μM, and 0.57 μM for HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3, respectively. It also displays inhibitory activity against Lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1).
    Domatinostat
  • HY-100517
    TP-472
    		Inducer 99.54%
    TP-472, a chemical probe, is a selective BRD9/7 inhibitor, with Kds of 33 nM and 340 nM for BRD9 and BRD7, respectively. TP-472 exhibits >30-fold selectivity for BRD9 over other bromodomain family members except BRD7. TP-472 induces apoptosis of melanoma cells.
    TP-472
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity