2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-15149
    Romidepsin
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Romidepsin (FK 228) is a Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with anti-tumor activities. Romidepsin (FK 228) inhibits HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC4, and HDAC6 with IC50s of 36 nM, 47 nM, 510 nM and 1.4 μM, respectively. Romidepsin (FK 228) is produced by Chromobacterium violaceum, induces cell G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis.
    Romidepsin
  • HY-13814
    PR-619
    		Inducer 99.38%
    PR-619 is a broad-range and reversible DUB inhibitor with EC50s of 3.93, 4.9, 6.86, 7.2, and 8.61 μM for USP4, USP8, USP7, USP2, and USP5, respectively. PR-619 induces ER Stress and ER-Stress related apoptosis.
    PR-619
  • HY-12495
    ISRIB (trans-isomer)
    		Inducer 99.49%
    ISRIB (trans-isomer) is a potent inhibitor of PERK with an IC50 of 5 nM. ISRIB potently reverses the effects of eIF2α phosphorylation (IC50=5 nM).
    ISRIB (trans-isomer)
  • HY-16141
    Cilengitide
    		Inducer 99.80%
    Cilengitide (EMD 121974) is a potent integrins antagonist with IC50s of 0.61 nM (ανβ3), 8.4 nM (ανβ5) and 14.9 nM (α5β1), respectively. Cilengitide inhibits the binding of ανβ3 and ανβ5 to Vitronectin with IC50s of 4 nM and 79 nM, respectively. Cilengitide inhibits TGF-β/Smad signaling, mediates PD-L1 expression. Cilengitide also induces apoptosis, shows antiangiogenic effect in the research against glioblastoma and other cancers.
    Cilengitide
  • HY-12212
    Omaveloxolone
    		Inducer 99.52%
    Omaveloxolone (RTA 408) is an antioxidant inflammation modulator (AIM), which activates Nrf2 and suppresses nitric oxide (NO). Omaveloxolone attenuates osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting STING dependent NF-κb signaling.
    Omaveloxolone
  • HY-13768A
    Topotecan hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Topotecan Hydrochloride (SKF 104864A Hydrochloride) is a Topoisomerase I inhibitor with potent antineoplastic activities.
    Topotecan hydrochloride
  • HY-B0016
    Capecitabine
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Capecitabine is an oral proagent that is converted to its active metabolite, 5-FU, by thymidine phosphorylase.
    Capecitabine
  • HY-N6687
    Calcimycin
    		Inducer 99.12%
    Calcimycin (A-23187) is an antibiotic and a unique divalent cation ionophore (like calcium and magnesium). Calcimycin induces Ca2+-dependent cell death by increasing intracellular calcium concentration. Calcimycin inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and some fungi. Calcimycin also inhibits the activity of ATPase and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of mammalian cells. Calcimycin induces apoptosis.
    Calcimycin
  • HY-B0285
    Amiloride
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Amiloride (MK-870) is an inhibitor of both epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uTPA). Amiloride is a blocker of polycystin-2 (PC2; TRPP2) channel.
    Amiloride
  • HY-14655
    Sulfasalazine
    		Inducer 99.04%
    Sulfasalazine (NSC 667219) is an anti-rheumatic agent for the research of rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. Sulfasalazine can suppress NF-κB activity. Sulfasalazine is a type 1 ferroptosis inducer.
    Sulfasalazine
  • HY-18708
    Erdafitinib
    		Inducer 99.66%
    Erdafitinib (JNJ-42756493) is a potent and orally available FGFR family inhibitor; inhibits FGFR1/2/3/4 with IC50s of 1.2, 2.5, 3.0 and 5.7 nM, respectively.
    Erdafitinib
  • HY-10971
    Alisertib
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Alisertib (MLN 8237) is an orally active and selective Aurora A kinase inhibitor (IC50=1.2 nM), which binds to Aurora A kinase resulting in mitotic spindle abnormalities, mitotic accumulation. Alisertib (MLN 8237) induces apoptosis and autophagy through targeting the AKT/mTOR/AMPK/p38 pathway in leukemic cells. Antitumor activity.
    Alisertib
  • HY-B0003
    Gemcitabine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Gemcitabine Hydrochloride (LY 188011 Hydrochloride) is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog antimetabolite and an antineoplastic agent. Gemcitabine Hydrochloride inhibits DNA synthesis and repair, resulting in autophagyand apoptosis.
    Gemcitabine hydrochloride
  • HY-12306
    8-Bromo-cAMP sodium salt
    		Inducer 99.91%
    8-Bromo-cAMP sodium (8-Br-Camp) sodium salt, a cyclic AMP analog, is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). 8-Bromo-cAMP sodium salt has anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects against cancer cells.
    8-Bromo-cAMP sodium salt
  • HY-13016
    Cabozantinib
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Cabozantinib is a potent and orally active inhibitor of VEGFR2 and MET, with IC50 values of 0.035, and 1.3 nM, respectively. Cabozantinib displays strong inhibition of KIT, RET, AXL, TIE2, and FLT3 (IC50=4.6, 5.2, 7, 14.3, and 11.3 nM, respectively). Cabozantinib shows antiangiogenic activity. Cabozantinib disrupts tumor vasculature and promotes tumor and endothelial cell apoptosis.
    Cabozantinib
  • HY-P99974
    Nab-Paclitaxel
    		Inducer 99.70%
    Nab-Paclitaxel (Nanoparticle albumin-bound Paclitaxel) is an albumin-bound nanoparticle formulation of Paclitaxel (HY-B0015). Nab-Paclitaxel is composed of albumin and the active pharmaceutical ingredient Paclitaxel, in which human albumin is used as an excipient to disperse and stabilize particles and carry the main drug. Nab-Paclitaxel is a solvent-free taxane with higher response rates and improved tolerability. Nab-Paclitaxel displays less toxicity and greater antitumor activity. Nab-Paclitaxel is more readily available for tumor cell uptake in three rhabdomyosarcoma, seven neuroblastoma cell lines, and one ostersarcoma cell line Nab-Paclitaxel can be studied in cancer research for example breast cancer and solid tumors. (The product specifications below only indicate the effective content of Paditaxel, the actual albumin quality depends on the batch; the ratio of each ingredient in this product is Paditaxel: albumin -1:7~1:11).
    Nab-Paclitaxel
  • HY-17409
    Nystatin
    		Inhibitor
    Nystatin is an orally active polyene antifungal antibiotic effective against yeast and mycoplasma. Nystatin increases the permeability of plasma membranes to small monovalent ions, including chloridion. Nystatin is a cholesterol-sequestering agent, partially prevents Oxaliplatin-induced lipid raft aggregation, DR4 and DR5 clustering, and thereby reduces apoptosis.
    Nystatin
  • HY-B1081
    Oxidopamine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Oxidopamine (6-OHDA) hydrochloride is an antagonist of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Oxidopamine hydrochloride is a widely used neurotoxin and selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons. Oxidopamine hydrochloride promotes COX-2 activation, leading to PGE2 synthesis and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β secretion. Oxidopamine hydrochloride can be used for the research of Parkinson’s disease (PD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
    Oxidopamine hydrochloride
  • HY-P2149
    Concanavalin A
    		Inducer
    Concanavalin A is a Ca2+/Mn2+-dependent and mannose/glucose-binding plant lectin that can be found in jack bean. Concanavalin A can induce programmed cell death. Concanavalin A can be used to induce acute hepatic injury.
    Concanavalin A
  • HY-13062
    Daunorubicin hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.67%
    Daunorubicin (Daunomycin) hydrochloride is a topoisomerase II inhibitor with potent anti-tumor activity. Daunorubicin hydrochloride inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis. Daunorubicin hydrochloride is a cytotoxin that inhibits cancer cell viability and induces apoptosis and necrosis. Daunorubicin hydrochloride is also an anthracycline antibiotic. Daunorubicin hydrochloride can be used in the research of infection and variety of cancers, including leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, Ewing's sarcoma, Wilms' tumor.
    Daunorubicin hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity