2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N3544
    Caryophyllene oxide
    		Inducer 99.71%
    Caryophyllene oxide ((-)-Caryophyllene oxide) is a bicyclic sesquiterpene with anticancer effects. Caryophyllene oxide induces apoptosis of PC-3 cells. Caryophyllene oxide shows analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Caryophyllene oxide has insecticidal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties.
    Caryophyllene oxide
  • HY-N1318
    Salvigenin
    		Inhibitor 99.93%
    Salvigenin is a natural polyphenolic compound, with neuroprotective effect. Salvigenin has antitumor cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties. Salvigenin inhibits H2O2-induced cell apoptosis.
    Salvigenin
  • HY-121282
    Mepazine
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Mepazine (Pecazine) is a potent and selective MALT1 protease inhibitor with IC50s of 0.83 and 0.42 μM for GSTMALT1 full length and GSTMALT1 325-760, respectively. Mepazine affects viability of ABC-DLBCL cells by enhancing apoptosis.
    Mepazine
  • HY-11001
    PHA-793887
    		Inducer 99.25%
    PHA-793887 is a potent, ATP-competitive CDK inhibitor, can inhibit Cdk2, Cdk1, Cdk4, and Cdk9 with IC50s of 8 nM, 60 nM, 62 nM and 138 nM, respectively, and also inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3β with an IC50 of 79 nM.
    PHA-793887
  • HY-124611
    JG-231
    		Inducer 98.47%
    JG-231 is an allosteric inhibitor of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). JG - 231 inhibits the binding of Hsp70 and BAG family proteins, including inhibition of Hsp70 and BAG1 with a Ki of 0.11 μM. JG-231 inhibits proliferation of tumor cells and induces apoptosis. JG-231 has antitumor activity.
    JG-231
  • HY-B0228R
    Adenosine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Adenosine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Adenosine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation.
    Adenosine (Standard)
  • HY-123604A
    TH1834 dihydrochloride
    		Inducer
    TH1834 dihydrochloride is a specific Tip60 (KAT5) histone acetyltransferase inhibitor. TH1834 dihydrochloride induces apoptosis and increases DNA damage in breast cancer. TH1834 dihydrochloride does not affect the activity of related histone acetyltransferase MOF. Anticancer activity.
    TH1834 dihydrochloride
  • HY-120356A
    T-1101 tosylate
    		Inducer 98.91%
    T-1101 tosylate (TAI-95 tosylate) is the tosylate salt form of T-1101 (HY-120356). T-1101 tosylate is an orally active inhibitor for mitose regulating highly expressed oncoprotein 1 (Hec1). T-1101 tosylate blocks the interaction between Hec1 and NEK2, exhibits cytotoxicity in human liver cancer cells with GI50 of 15-70 nM. T-1101 tosylate induces apoptosis in Huh-7. T-1101 tosylate exhibits antitumor efficacy in mouse models.
    T-1101 tosylate
  • HY-10987A
    ENMD-2076
    		Inducer 99.99%
    ENMD-2076 is a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 1.86, 14, 58.2, 15.9, 92.7, 70.8, 56.4 nM for Aurora A, Flt3, KDR/VEGFR2, Flt4/VEGFR3, FGFR1, FGFR2, Src, PDGFRα, respectively.
    ENMD-2076
  • HY-19832
    SC66
    		Inducer 99.65%
    SC66 is an Akt inhibitor, reduces cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner, inhibits colony formation and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.
    SC66
  • HY-15698
    CRT0066101
    		Inducer 99.66%
    CRT0066101 is a potent and orally active PKD inhibitor with IC50 values of 1 nM, 2.5 nM and 2 nM for PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3, respectively. CRT0066101 is also a potent PIM2 inhibitor with an IC50 of ~135.7 nM. CRT0066101 exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in mice LPS (HY-D1056)-induced lung injury models, and has anticancer effects.
    CRT0066101
  • HY-115463
    EB-3D
    		Inducer 99.64%
    EB-3D is a potent and selective choline kinase α (ChoKα) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 1 μM for ChoKα1. EB-3D exerts effects on ChoKα expression, AMPK activation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipid metabolism. EB-3D exhibits a potent antiproliferative activity in a panel of T-leukemia cell lines. Anti-cancer activity.
    EB-3D
  • HY-124748A
    ENMD-1068 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.33%
    ENMD-1068 hydrochloride is a selective protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) antagonist. ENMD-1068 hydrochloride reduces hepatic stellate cell activation and collagen expression by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad signaling. ENMD-1068 hydrochloride also inhibits the proliferation of endometrial cells and induces apoptosis of epithelial cells in the lesion. ENMD-1068 hydrochloride can be used in the study of endometriosis and liver fibrosis.
    ENMD-1068 hydrochloride
  • HY-15989A
    SM-164 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    SM-164 hydrochloride is a cell-permeable Smac mimetic compound. SM-164 binds to XIAP protein containing both the BIR2 and BIR3 domains with an IC50 value of 1.39 nM and functions as an extremely potent antagonist of XIAP.
    SM-164 hydrochloride
  • HY-10520
    CGP 57380
    		Inducer 98.71%
    CGP 57380 is a cell-permeable pyrazolo-pyrimidine compound that acts as a selective inhibitor of Mnk1 with IC50 of 2.2 μM, but has no inhibitory activity against p38, JNK1, ERK1/2, PKC, or Src-like kinases.
    CGP 57380
  • HY-108713
    Famitinib
    		Activator 98.13%
    Famitinib (SHR1020), an orally active multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, inhibits the activity of c-kit, VEGFR-2 and PDGFRβ with IC50 values of 2.3 nM, 4.7 nM and 6.6 nM, respectively. Famitinib exerts powerful antitumor activity in human gastric cancer cells and xenografts. Famitinib triggers apoptosis.
    Famitinib
  • HY-N4317
    Ethoxysanguinarine
    		Inducer 98.81%
    Ethoxysanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid natural product that is mainly found in Macleaya cordata. Ethoxysanguinarine is an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A). Ethoxysanguinarine induces cell apoptosis and inhibits colorectal cancer cells growth.
    Ethoxysanguinarine
  • HY-B0900
    Anethole
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Anethole is a type of orally active aromatic compound that is widely found in nature and used as a flavoring agent. Anethole possesses anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anesthetic, estrogenic, central nervous system depressant, hypnotic, insecticidal, and gastroprotective effects. Anethole can be used in the study of oxidative stress-related skin diseases and prostate cancer.
    Anethole
  • HY-W014423
    L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate
    		Inducer 98.0%
    L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate is an endogenous metabolite. L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate scavenges hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen, regulate the absorption of zinc, copper and iron, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate is blood brain barrier penetrable.
    L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate
  • HY-110228
    Metformin-d6 hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.98%
    Metformin-d6 hydrochloride is a deuterium labeled Metformin hydrochloride. Metformin hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, metformin hydrochloride regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.
    Metformin-d<sub>6</sub> hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity