2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-124748A
    ENMD-1068 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.33%
    ENMD-1068 hydrochloride is a selective protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) antagonist. ENMD-1068 hydrochloride reduces hepatic stellate cell activation and collagen expression by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad signaling. ENMD-1068 hydrochloride also inhibits the proliferation of endometrial cells and induces apoptosis of epithelial cells in the lesion. ENMD-1068 hydrochloride can be used in the study of endometriosis and liver fibrosis.
    ENMD-1068 hydrochloride
  • HY-B0642
    Isosorbide mononitrate
    		Inhibitor 99.95%
    Isosorbide mononitrate (Isosorbide-5-mononitrate) is an orally active nitric acid compound used for angina pectoris by dilating blood vessels and lowering blood pressure. Isosorbide mononitrate increases the viability and proliferation of HUVECs by decreasing Apoptosis and elevated the expressions of vedf, kdrl, pdgfr in zebrafish embryos. Isosorbide mononitrate is promising for research of heart failure and coronary heart disease.
    Isosorbide mononitrate
  • HY-P2813
    Hirudin
    		Inhibitor
    Hirudin is a thrombin inhibitor with blood anticoagulant property. Hirudin has potent anti-thrombotic, wound repair, anti-fibrosis, anti-tumor and anti-hyperuricemia effects. Hirudin also affects diabetic complications, cerebral hemorrhage, and others.
    Hirudin
  • HY-P99956
    Zilovertamab vedotin
    		Inducer 98.61%
    Zilovertamab vedotin (VLS-101) is a novel antibody-drug conjugate comprising the humanized monoclonal antibody zilovertamab and and the anti-microtubule cytotoxin monomethyl vedotin. Zilovertamab vedotin binding to tumor cell ROR1 results in rapid internalization, trafficking to lysosomes, antibody–agent conjugate cleavage, and monomethyl vedotin release. Zilovertamab vedotin induces apoptosis. Zilovertamab vedotin can be used in research of cancer.
    Zilovertamab vedotin
  • HY-19934A
    Pifusertib hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Pifusertib (TAS-117) hydrochloride is a potent, selective, orally active allosteric Akt inhibitor (with IC50s of 4.8, 1.6, and 44 nM for Akt1, 2, and 3, respectively). Pifusertib hydrochloride triggers anti-myeloma activities and enhances fatal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by proteasome inhibition. Pifusertib hydrochloride induces apoptosis and autophagy.
    Pifusertib hydrochloride
  • HY-149433
    BWA-522
    		Inducer 99.93%
    BWA-522 is an orally available small molecule protein-targeting chimera (PROTACs) with significant degradation effect on AR-FL and AR-V7. BWA-522 antagonizes the N-terminal domain (AR-NTD) of the androgen receptor (Androgen Receptor) and induces apoptosis in PC cells. BWA-522 inhibits tumor growth in LNCaP xenograft model studies (60 mg/kg, po; TGI=76%). The efficiencies of BWA-522 in degrading AR-V7 and AR-FL were 77.3% (1 μM) and 72.0% (5 μM) in VCaP and LNCaP cells, respectively.
    BWA-522
  • HY-N6779
    Patulin
    		Inducer 99.47%
    Patulin (Terinin) is a mycotoxin produced by fungi including the Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Byssochlamys species, causes chromosome breakage, mutation, teratogenic and cytotoxic. Patulin induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis through lysosomal-mitochondrial axis, and causes DNA damage.
    Patulin
  • HY-N7036
    Rhamnetin
    		Inducer 99.18%
    Rhamnetin is a quercetin derivative found in Coriandrum sativum, inhibits secretory phospholipase A2 and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). Rhamnetin exhibits antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
    Rhamnetin
  • HY-107616
    H2L5186303
    		Activator 98.72%
    H2L5186303 is a potent and selective LPA2 receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 9 nM. H2L5186303 promotes Apoptosis. H2L5186303 inhibits cell proliferation and motility. H2L5186303 has anti-inflammatory effects.
    H2L5186303
  • HY-10411
    AZ960
    		Inducer
    AZ960 is a potent and specific inhibitor of the JAK2 kinase with a Ki of 0.45 nM.
    AZ960
  • HY-B0608
    Chlorhexidine digluconate (20% in water)
    		Inducer 99.45%
    Chlorhexidine digluconate (20% in water) is a orally active cationic antimicrobial agent that targets microbial cell membranes. Chlorhexidine digluconate (20% in water) binds to cell membrane phospholipids non-specifically, destroys membrane structure and induces leakage of cell contents. Chlorhexidine digluconate (20% in water) has broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Chlorhexidine digluconate (20% in water) can interfere with membrane permeability, cause protein precipitation and energy metabolism disorders, such as rapid inhibition of microbial growth and induction of cell death (necrosis or apoptosis).
    Chlorhexidine digluconate (20% in water)
  • HY-N6074
    Soyasapogenol B
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Soyasapogenol B is a component of soy that has oral activity. Soyasapogenol B promotes autophagy and apoptosis. Soyasapogenol B has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor activities.
    Soyasapogenol B
  • HY-N0834
    Pulsatilla saponin D
    		Inducer 98.60%
    Pulsatilla saponin D (SB365), isolated from the root of Pulsatilla chinensis, is an anti-tumor agent.
    Pulsatilla saponin D
  • HY-108359
    Alsterpaullone
    		Activator 99.85%
    Alsterpaullone (9-Nitropaullone) is a potent CDK inhibitor, with IC50s of 35 nM, 15 nM, 200 nM and 40 nM for CDK1/cyclin B, CDK2/cyclin A, CDK2/cyclin E and CDK5/p35, respectively. Alsterpaullone also competes with ATP for binding to GSK-3alpha/GSK-3beta with IC50s of both 4 nM. Alsterpaullone has antitumor activity, and possesses potential for the study in neurodegenerative and proliferative disorders. Alsterpaullone induces apoptosis in leukemia cell line.
    Alsterpaullone
  • HY-W013573
    S-Allyl-L-cysteine
    		Inducer 98.64%
    S-Allyl-L-cysteine, one of the organosulfur compounds found in AGE, possess various biological effects including neurotrophic activity, anti-cancer activity, anti-inflammatory activity.
    S-Allyl-L-cysteine
  • HY-129611
    Bromelain
    		Inducer
    Bromelain is an anti-inflammatory agent derived from pineapple stem that acts through down-regulation of plasma kininogen, inhibition of Prostaglandin E2 expression, degradation of advanced glycation end product receptors and regulation of angiogenic biomarkers as well as antioxidant action upstream in the COX-pathway. Bromelain exhibits various fibrinolytic, antiedematous, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Bromelain also possesses some anticancerous activities and promotes apoptotic cell death.
    Bromelain
  • HY-116147
    Ceranib-2
    		Inducer 99.25%
    Ceranib-2 is a potent and nonlipid ceramidase inhibitor that inhibits cellular ceramidase activity with an IC50 of 28 μM in SKOV3 cells. Ceranib-2 induces the accumulation of multiple ceramide species, decreases levels of sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and induces cell apoptosis. Anticancer activity.
    Ceranib-2
  • HY-N1181
    Tamarixetin
    		Inducer 99.31%
    Tamarixetin (4'-O-Methyl Quercetin) is an orally active natural flavonoid derivative of quercetin and caseinolytic protease p (ClpP) inhibitor with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor effects. Tamarixetin inhibits the hydrolytic activity of ClpP to the fluorescent substrate Suc-LY-AMC with an IC50 of 49.73 μM, which can be used for the study of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Tamarixetin inhibits tumor cell growth, induces apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. Tamarixetin prevents cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting the NFAT and AKT pathways.
    Tamarixetin
  • HY-B0569
    Hexamethonium Bromide
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Hexamethonium Bromide is a non-selective ganglionic nicotinic-receptor antagonist (nAChR) antagonist, with mixed competitive and noncompetitive activity. Hexamethonium Bromide has anti-hypertensive activity. Hexamethonium Bromide attenuates sympathetic activity and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive animal models.
    Hexamethonium Bromide
  • HY-128423
    Tylvalosin tartrate
    		Inducer 98.77%
    Tylvalosin (Acetylisovaleryltylosin) tartrate is an orally active, broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic with antimicrobial activity. Tylvalosin tartrate is an antiviral agent useful in studying PRRSV infection. Tylvalosin tartrate induces apoptosis. Tylvalosin tartrate also has anti-inflammatory activity, relieves oxidative stress, and alleviates acute lung injury by inhibiting NF-κB activation.
    Tylvalosin tartrate
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity