2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-15609
    AZD-3463
    		Inducer 99.31%
    AZD-3463 (ALK/IGF1R inhibitor) is an orally active ALK/IGF1R inhibitor, with a Ki of 0.75 nM for ALK. AZD3463 induces apoptosis and autophagy in neuroblastoma cells.
    AZD-3463
  • HY-130603
    DCZ0415
    		Inducer 99.81%
    DCZ0415, a potent TRIP13 inhibitor, impairs nonhomologous end joining repair and inhibits NF-κB activity. DCZ0415 induces anti-myeloma activity in vitro, in vivo, and in primary cells derived from drug-resistant myeloma patients.
    DCZ0415
  • HY-104064
    1A-116
    		Inducer 99.72%
    1A-116, a potent Rac1 inhibitor, is specific for W56 residues, can prevent EGF-induced Rac1 activation and block Rac1-P-Rex1 interaction. 1A-116 can induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation, migration and cycle progression in a concentration-dependent manner. 1A-116 also demonstrates a high antimetastatic activity in vivo.
    1A-116
  • HY-114989
    Fluorizoline
    		Inducer 99.77%
    Fluorizoline selectively and directly binds to prohibitin 1 (PHB1) and 2 (PHB2), and induces apoptosis. Fluorizoline reduces chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell viability through the upregulation of NOXA and BIM. Fluorizoline exerts antitumor action in a p53-independent manner.
    Fluorizoline
  • HY-12294A
    PEAQX tetrasodium hydrate
    		Inducer 98.0%
    PEAQX tetrasodium hydrate (NVP-AAM077 tetrasodium hydrate) is a tetrasodium hydrate of PEAQX (HY-12294). PEAQX tetrasodium hydrate is an orally active and selective NMDA antagonist, with IC50 values of 270 nM and 29.6 μM for hNMDAR 1A/2A and hNMDAR 1A/2B, respectively. PEAQX tetrasodium hydrate can promote the activation of caspase-3 and induce cell apoptosis in cortical striatal slice cultures.
    PEAQX tetrasodium hydrate
  • HY-116248
    Ro 41-5253
    		Inducer 98.97%
    Ro 41-5253 is an orally active selective retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) antagonist. Ro 41-5253 can bind RARα without inducing transcription or affecting RAR/RXR heterodimerization and DNA binding. Ro 41-5253 can inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis, has antitumor activity.
    Ro 41-5253
  • HY-100806S
    Kynurenic acid-d5
    		Inducer 99.64%
    Kynurenic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Kynurenic acid. Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8.
    Kynurenic acid-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-B1971
    Deltamethrin
    		99.93%
    Deltamethrin (Decamethrin) is an orally active synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Deltamethrin induces oxidative stress and results in inflammation and apoptosis via inhibiting Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Deltamethrin has an anticancer effect by inducing apoptosis. Deltamethrin can be used extensively in pest control.
    Deltamethrin
  • HY-129960
    L-Selenocystine
    		Inducer 98.0%
    L-Selenocystine is a selenium-containing amino acid. L-Selenocystine has redox properties. L-Selenocystine is cytotoxic to various tumor cells and can induce the production of ROS and apoptosis. L-Selenocystine can block the Nrf2 and autophagy pathways. L-Selenocystine has anti-tumor activity.
    L-Selenocystine
  • HY-B1610
    Sodium citrate dihydrate
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Sodium citrate dehydrate (Trisodium citrate dihydrate) is a natural product with oral activity that can be found in citrus fruits. Sodium citrate dehydrate can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells and induce apoptosis. Sodium citrate dehydrate has antibacterial, anti-tumor and antioxidant activities. Sodium citrate dehydrate can be prepared as a cosolvent or buffer.
    Sodium citrate dihydrate
  • HY-126741
    Azadirachtin
    		Inducer 99.06%
    Azadirachtin is an oral active triterpenoid compound with anticancer, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and insecticidal activities. Azadirachtin induces cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway (by inhibiting Bcl-2/Bax ratio or activating Apaf-1 and caspase-3) or through death receptors (by inhibiting TNFR activation). Additionally, Azadirachtin exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-кB signaling pathway activation, and it exhibits insecticidal activity by inducing apoptosis in insect cells.
    Azadirachtin
  • HY-N0072
    Brazilin
    		Inducer 99.37%
    Brazilin is a red dye precursor obtained from the heartwood of several species of tropical hardwoods. Brazilin inhibits the cells proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and induces autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Brazilin shows chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Brazilin
  • HY-119272
    EF24
    		Inducer 99.34%
    EF24, a curcumin analogue, is an NF-kB inhibitor with great anti-tumor efficacy and oral bioavailability via deactivation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). EF24 is active against melanoma and breast cancer cell lines with GI50 values of 0.7 μM and 0.8 μM, respectively. EF24 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and DU-145 human prostate cancer cells. EF24 increases the levels of activated caspase 3 and 9, and decreases the phosphorylated forms of MEK1 and ERK.
    EF24
  • HY-N0103
    Sophocarpine
    		Inducer 99.85%
    Sophocarpine is a PTEN activator and an inhibitor of PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Sophocarpine upregulates PTEN expression and inhibits PI3K/Akt phosphorylation, arrests tumor cell cycle and induces apoptosis. Sophocarpine inhibits MEK/ERK phosphorylation and VEGF secretion, reducing tumor cell migration. Sophocarpine can also inhibit NF-κB activation and p38 and JNK phosphorylation, reduce the expression of inflammatory factors such as iNOS and COX-2, and activate the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to reduce oxidative stress. Sophocarpine has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects, and can be used in the research of cancers such as glioblastoma and colorectal cancer, inflammation-related diseases, and Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced cardiac damage.
    Sophocarpine
  • HY-124284
    Hexamethylene bisacetamide
    		Inducer 99.56%
    Hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) is a differentiation inducer and selective bromine domain inhibitor that can differentiate across the blood-brain barrier. Hexamethylene bisacetamide can induce tumor cell differentiation and inhibit cell proliferation, showing antitumor activity. Hexamethylene bisacetamide induces apoptosis by Notch1, Bcl-2 and p53 signaling pathways. In addition, Hexamethylene bisacetamide improves the obesity phenotype of mice.
    Hexamethylene bisacetamide
  • HY-10805
    Almorexant
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Almorexant (ACT 078573) is an orally active, potent and competitive dual orexin receptor antagonist, with Kd values of 1.3 nM (OX1) and 0.17 nM (OX2), respectively. Almorexant reversibly blocks signaling of orexin-A and orexin-B peptides. Almorexant totally blocked the intracellular Ca2+ signal pathway. Almorexant stimulates caspase-3 activity in AsPC-1 cells and induces apoptosis.
    Almorexant
  • HY-117282
    JG-98
    		Inducer 99.88%
    JG-98, an allosteric heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) inhibitor, which binds tightly to a conserved site on Hsp70 and disrupts the Hsp70-Bag3 interaction. JG-98 shows anti-cancer activities affecting both cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages.
    JG-98
  • HY-101906
    DC260126
    		Inhibitor 99.74%
    DC260126 is a potent antagonist of GPR40 (FFAR1). DC260126 dose-dependently inhibits GPR40-mediated Ca2+ elevations stimulated by linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid and lauric acid (IC50: 6.28, 5.96, 7.07, 4.58 μM, respectively). DC260126 could protect MIN6 β cells from palmitate-induced ER stress and apoptosis.
    DC260126
  • HY-10448R
    Capsaicin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Capsaicin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Capsaicin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Capsaicin ((E)-Capsaicin), an active component of chili peppers, is a TRPV1 agonist. Capsaicin has pain relief, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects.
    Capsaicin (Standard)
  • HY-17503A
    Metoprolol succinate
    		Inhibitor 99.56%
    Metoprolol succinate is an orally active, selective β1-adrenoceptor antagonist. Metoprolol succinate shows anti-inflammation, antitumor and anti-angiogenic properties.
    Metoprolol succinate
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity