Papiliocin 

Papiliocin is a potent peptide antibiotic with both anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. Papiliocin is primarily active against Gram-negative bacteria. Papiliocin exhibits strong anti-inflammatory activity against cell, exerting its anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the production of NO and the secretion of TNF-α and MIP-2. Papiliocin participates in the innate defense response mechanism by inhibiting the Toll-like receptor pathway and NF-κB. Papiliocin induces apoptosis in fungal cells and increases the total level of intracellular ROS. Papiliocin acts as an effective antiseptic peptide in sepsis models. Papiliocin is useful in anti-inflammatory and antibacterial research^[1][3].

Papiliocin (37 °C for 16 h) shows antibacterial activity against Gram-negative species (E. coli, S. typhimurium, and P. aeruginosa) and Gram-positive species (B. subtilis, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus), with MICs of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 16, 2, 32 μM^[1].
Papiliocin is calcium- and magnesium-tolerant to Gram-negative bacteria^[1].
Papiliocin (0-100 μM, 37 °C for 1 h) lacks hemolytic activity and is not cytotoxic to RAW264.7 cells, with an IC₅₀ of 58 μm^[1].
Papiliocin (0-25 μM, 3-24 h) inhibits the expression of NO, TNF-α, MIP-2, iNOS, TLR4, NF-κB, and all inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, MIP-1, MIP-2, and TNF-α genes in LPS (HY-D1056)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells^[1].
Papiliocin (0-10 μM) induces lipid vesicle permeabilization, shows low Stern-Volmer quenching constants (KSV) in micelles or SUVs, results in the dissociation of LPS aggregates through interaction with LPS^[1].
Papiliocin (30 μM, 28 °C for 2 h) induces ROS production and increases intracellular hydroxyl radical levels in Candida albicans cells^[2].
Papiliocin (30 μM, 28 °C for 2 h) induces apoptotic cell death, membrane depolarization and metacaspase activation, DNA damage in Candida albicans cells^[2].
Papiliocin (0-50 μM) displaces 74.6% of the BC probes from LPS, neutralizes LPS, with the binding affinity of 0.063 μM^[3].
Papiliocin (40 μM, 30 min) inhibits 52% of FITC-LPS binding to the surface of RAW 264.7 cells, but also competitively displaces 25% of pre-bound LPS from the LPS-receptor complex on RAW 264.7 cells^[3].
Papiliocin (0-100 μM) reduces TLR4-mediated SEAP activity with an IC₅₀ of 1.1 μM^[3].
Papiliocin (0.1-10 μM, 1 h) blocks the LPS-induced inflammatory cascade by targeting TLR4 and the MAPK pathway and by blocking the nuclear translocation of p-NF-κB in RAW 264.7 cells^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

4002.80

C₁₈₃H₃₁₄N₅₆O₄₄

Arg-Trp-Lys-Ile-Phe-Lys-Lys-Ile-Glu-Lys-Val-Gly-Arg-Asn-Val-Arg-Asp-Gly-Ile-Ile-Lys-Ala-Gly-Pro-Ala-Val-Ala-Val-Val-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Thr-Val-Val-Lys-NH2

RWKIFKKIEKVGRNVRDGIIKAGPAVAVVGQAATVVK-NH2

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

• [1]. Kim JK, et al. Structure and function of papiliocin with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities isolated from the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus. J Biol Chem. 2011 Dec 2;286(48):41296-41311.

  [2]. Hwang B, et al. Induction of yeast apoptosis by an antimicrobial peptide, Papiliocin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Apr 29;408(1):89-93.

  [3]. Krishnan M, et al. Molecular mechanism underlying the TLR4 antagonistic and antiseptic activities of papiliocin, an insect innate immune response molecule. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Mar 8;119(10):e2115669119.