Mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated metabolic remodeling of TCA cycle promotes Parkinson's disease through inhibition of H3K4me3 demethylation

Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder caused by complex factors, is usually associated to mitochondrial dysfunctions but the links between such disorder and PD remain object of research. Here, we report that impaired mitochondrial quality control (MQC) system is a molecular basis of the mitochondrial dysfunction in PD and that tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) disorder is the main feature of such mitochondrial dysfunction. Multi-omics analysis revealed that MDH2, OGDHL and IDH3G Enzymes are bottlenecks in the enzymatic reactions of the TCA cycle in PD. Mechanistically, the abnormal α-KG/fumarate ratio caused by the TCA cycle bottleneck inhibits histone H3K4me3 demethylation and further enhances the expression of alpha-synuclein (SNCA), which may promote PD at an early stage. On these Bases, we proposed a number of PD therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria and histone methylation modifications, which proved to be effective in in vitro or in vivo models, especially citrate supplementation, in restoring normal TCA cycle enzymatic reactions. Taken together, our work highlights the non-negligible regulatory role of "mitochondrial-nuclear" communication in PD and provides important insights for the development of PD therapeutic strategies.