DNMT1 blocks SOX21-repressed CKS2 transcription to promote gastric cancer progression

Background: The dysregulation of SOXs is related to tumor invasion, metastasis, proliferation, Apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This research sought to investigate the function and mechanisms of SOX21 in gastric Cancer (GC).

Methods: Multiple databases were included to determine the hub transcription factors in GC. In addition, RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to validate gene expression in tissues from GC patients. CCK-8, EdU, colony formation, wound healing, Transwell assays, and a xenograft tumor model were used to determine the function of SOX21 in GC. The targets of SOX21 were predicted and verified using ChIP, dual-luciferase reporter, and functional assays. SOX21 DNA methylation in GC cells was determined by qMSP. Rescue experiments were carried out in GC cells with DNMT1 silencing alone or in combination with SOX21 silencing.

Results: SOX21 was downregulated in GC tissues and cells. Ectopic expression of SOX21 inhibited cell growth, invasion, and migration, and induced Apoptosis of GC cells. CKS2 was a target of SOX21, and overexpression of CKS2 promoted cell viability and mobility in GC cells overexpressing SOX21. The downregulation of SOX21 was related to the DNA hypermethylation catalyzed by DNMT1. The silencing of SOX21, by contrast, overturned the anti-tumor effects of sh-DNMT1 in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion: Our data showed that DNMT1 overexpression upregulated CKS2 expression via hypermethylation of SOX21, thus promoting GC cell proliferation and growth, indicating that the DNMT1/SOX21/CKS2 axis could be a target for GC treatment.

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-025-14577-z.

CKS2; DNMT1; Gastric cancer; Hypermethylation; SOX21.