Ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor arising from uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or peritoneum, with epithelial ovarian cancer being the most common subtype accounting for over 95% of cases. It often presents at an advanced stage due to nonspecific symptoms such as pelvic or abdominal pain, bloating, changes in bowel or bladder habits, early satiety, and abnormal vaginal bleeding, particularly in postmenopausal women. The disease may spread within the peritoneal cavity and to distant organs, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Genetic predisposition, including mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, plays a key role in hereditary cases. Although rare, other types include germ cell, sex-cord stromal, and low malignant potential tumors. Due to the lack of effective screening tools and late symptom onset, early detection remains a major challenge, making timely diagnosis critical for improving survival outcomes.

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