2. Signaling Pathways
  3. PI3K/Akt/mTOR
  4. mTOR

mTOR

Mammalian target of Rapamycin

mTOR

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mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the mTOR gene. mTOR is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, and transcription. mTOR belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase protein family. mTOR integrates the input from upstream pathways, including growth factors and amino acids. mTOR also senses cellular nutrient, oxygen, and energy levels. The mTOR pathway is dysregulated in human diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, depression, and certain cancers. Rapamycin inhibits mTOR by associating with its intracellular receptor FKBP12. The FKBP12-rapamycin complex binds directly to the FKBP12-Rapamycin Binding (FRB) domain of mTOR, inhibiting its activity.

mTOR Isoform Specific Products:

mTOR Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-172816
    Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 32
    		Inhibitor
    Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 32 (compound 5B) is an orally active and selective hCA (Carbonic anhydrase ) II/VII inhibitor with the Ki values of 6.3 nM, 10.1 nM and 681 nM for hCA II, hCA VII and hCA I,respectively. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 32 shows neuroprotective and anticonvulsant potential by reducing mTOR activation, and raising hippocampus KCC2 levels.
    Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 32
  • HY-125535
    OSU-53
    		Inhibitor
    OSU-53 is an orally active AMPK activator (EC50: 0.3 μM) and a direct mTOR inhibitor. OSU-53 induces autophagy and increases conversion of LC3 I to LC3 II. OSU-53 also modulates energy homeostasis by suppressing fatty acid biosynthesis and shifting the metabolism to oxidation by up-regulating the expression of PGC1α and NRF-1. OSU-53 has antitumor activity in various tumor models, such as breast cancer and thyroid cancer.
    OSU-53
  • HY-P10992
    YVPGP
    		Inhibitor
    YVPGP is an oligopeptide exacted from Anthopleura anjunae. YVPGP has a significant antitumor activity by mediating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. YVPGP arrests DU-145 cells in the S phase and induces apoptosis via mitochondrial and death receptor pathways (caspase3, 7, 8, 9). YVPGP effectively inhibits tumor growth in DU-145 xenografts mice model, promising for prostate cancer research.
    YVPGP
  • HY-14794AS
    Levomilnacipran-d10 hydrochloride
    		Activator
    Levomilnacipran-d10 ((1S,2R)-Milnacipran-d10) hydrochloride is deuterium labeled Levomilnacipran hydrochloride (HY-B0168B). Levomilnacipran ((1S,2R)-Milnacipran) hydrochloride is the enantiomer of Milnacipran (HY-B0168) and a strong substrate of P-gp that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Levomilnacipran hydrochloride is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, with IC50 values of 10.5 nM and 19.0 nM, and Ki values of 92.2 nM and 1.2 nM for human norepinephrine transporter (NET) and serotonin transporter (SERT), respectively. Levomilnacipran hydrochloride has antidepressant and anxiolytic activities. Levomilnacipran hydrochloride can be used for the research of depression.
    Levomilnacipran-d<sub>10</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-RS08811
    Mtor Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A
    		Inhibitor

    Mtor Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for Mtor gene (Mouse), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control.
    Mtor Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A
  • HY-15281
    QL-IX-55
    		Inhibitor
    QL-IX-55 is a selective ATP-competitive inhibitor of mTORC1/2 with IC50s of 50/50/10-50 nM for Human mTORC1/Yeast mTORC1/Yeast mTORC2, respectively.
    QL-IX-55
  • HY-144687
    ATM Inhibitor-4
    		Inhibitor
    ATM Inhibitor-4 (compound 39) is a potent and selective ATM inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.32 nM. ATM Inhibitor-4 shows stronger inhibition of PI3K kinases family. ATM Inhibitor-4 shows a full inhibition of mTOR at 1 μM. ATM Inhibitor-4 exhibits favorable metabolic stability.
    ATM Inhibitor-4
  • HY-N0107R
    Cyclovirobuxine D (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Cyclovirobuxine D (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cyclovirobuxine D. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cyclovirobuxine D (CVB-D) is the main active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Buxus microphylla. Cyclovirobuxine D induces autophagy and attenuates the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR. Cyclovirobuxine D inhibits cell proliferation of gastric cancer cells through suppression of cell cycle progression and inducement of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Cyclovirobuxine D is beneficial for heart failure induced by myocardial infarction.
    Cyclovirobuxine D (Standard)
  • HY-13847
    GNE-555
    		Inhibitor
    GNE-555 is a selective, metabolically stable mTOR inhibitor (Ki=1.5 nM) that also has good oral bioavailability. GNE-555 exhibits antiproliferative activity on PC3 and MCF-7 cells and can be used in cancer research.
    GNE-555
  • HY-B0627A
    Metformin (glycinate)
    		Inhibitor
    Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) glycinate inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin glycinate also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, metformin glycinate regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.
    Metformin (glycinate)
  • HY-N6626R
    Pyraclostrobin (Standard)
    Pyraclostrobin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pyraclostrobin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pyraclostrobin is a highly effective and broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide. Pyraclostrobin can induce oxidative DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy through the activation of AMPK/mTOR signaling. Pyraclostrobin can be used to control crop diseases.
    Pyraclostrobin (Standard)
  • HY-128027
    eCF309
    		Inhibitor 98.2%
    eCF309 is a potent and highly selective mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 15 nM. eCF309 displays higher selectivity over PI3Ks. eCF309 can be used for the study of breast cancer and prostate cancer.
    eCF309
  • HY-176166
    PD-M6
    		Degrader
    PD-M6 is an mTOR PROTAC degrader (DC50: 4.8 μM). PD-M6 promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of mTOR. PD-M6 inhibits the proliferation of HeLa, MCF-7, and HepG2 cancer cell lines (IC50 values of 11.3, 2.58, and 3.23 μM, respectively) and induces autophagy. PD-M6 specifically induces the degradation of LAMTOR1, a key protein in the mTOR signaling pathway. (Pink: target protein mTOR ligand (HY-B0795); target protein mTOR ligand activity control (HY-W150930); black: linker (HY-W008296); blue: E3 ligase CRBN ligand (HY-41547); target protein ligand activity control + linker (HY-176167)).
    PD-M6
  • HY-Y0106R
    2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Standard) is the analytical standard of 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone (HY-Y0106). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone, a polyphenolic derivative of Acetophenone (HY-Y0989), is an orally active mTOR inhibitor. 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone shows antioxidant activity. 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone inhibits cell growth and proliferation in CRC cells. 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone arrests at G0/G1 phase of cell cycle, induces apoptosis and suppresses cell migration in CRC cells. 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone inhibits xanthine oxidase (XOD) with an IC50 of 1.24 mM. 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone improves uric acid metabolism in hyperuricemia mice, reduces plasma cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic rats, and inhibits lipid accumulation in HFD-induced obese mice. 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone can be used for the study of colorectal cancer (CRC), hyperuricemia and hypercholesterolemia.
    2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Standard)
  • HY-141701
    mTOR/HDAC-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    mTOR/HDAC-IN-1 (Compound 50) is a selective mTOR and HDAC dual inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.49 and 0.91 nM against mTOR and HDAC1, respectively. mTOR/HDAC-IN-1 can be studied as an anti-cancer agent.
    mTOR/HDAC-IN-1
  • HY-172964
    KIM-161
    		Inhibitor
    KIM-161 is a PIK3CA inhibitor. KIM-161 has significant antiproliferative activity with IC50 values of 1.428 and 1.562 µM against PI3KCA mutant breast cancer MCF7 and T47D cells, respectively. KIM-161 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and inducing ROS production. KIM-161 can be used to study breast cancer and its PI3KCA mutant subtypes.
    KIM-161
  • HY-141476
    PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-3
    		Inhibitor
    PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-3 (compound 12), an imidazoline, is a potent PI3K and mTOR dual inhibitor. PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-3 has anti-cancer activity.
    PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-3
  • HY-144295
    PI3Kα-IN-5
    		Inhibitor
    PI3Kα-IN-5 (compound 6 ab) is a potent PI3Kα/mTOR inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.7 nM and 3.3 nM, respectively. PI3Kα-IN-5 can be used for the research of colorectal cancer.
    PI3Kα-IN-5
  • HY-168609
    CRI9
    		Inhibitor
    CRI9 inhibits the c-MET/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, suppressing the growth of liver cancer cells. CRI9 shows strong cytotoxicity against HCC cells, inducing apoptosis.
    CRI9
  • HY-154957
    mTOR inhibitor-11
    		Inhibitor
    mTOR inhibitor-11 (Compound 9) is a brain-penetrant mTOR inhibitor (IC50: 21 nM for pS6). mTOR inhibitor-11 also inhibits pCHK1 and PDE4D with IC50s of 17.2 and 17.0 μM. mTOR inhibitor-11 can be used for research of CNS disease.
    mTOR inhibitor-11
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download mTOR Signaling Pathway Map.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation and survival[1]. mTOR is the catalytic subunit of two distinct complexes called mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 comprises DEPTOR, PRAS40, RAPTOR, mLST8, mTOR, whereas mTORC2 comprises DEPTOR, mLST8, PROTOR, RICTOR, mSIN1, mTOR[2]. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and inhibits mTORC1 by disrupting the interaction between mTOR and RAPTOR. mTORC1 negatively regulates autophagy through multiple inputs, including inhibitory phosphorylation of ULK1 and TFEB. mTORC1 promotes protein synthesis through activation of the translation initiation promoter S6K and through inhibition of the inhibitory mRNA cap binding 4E-BP1, and regulates glycolysis through HIF-1α. It promotes de novo lipid synthesis through the SREBP transcription factors. mTORC2 inhibits FOXO1,3 through SGK and Akt, which can lead to increased longevity. The complex also regulates actin cytoskeleton assembly through PKC and Rho kinase[3]. 

 

Growth factors: Growth factors can signal to mTORC1 through both PI3K-Akt and Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK axis. For example, ERK and RSK phosphorylate TSC2, and inhibit it.

 

Insulin Receptor: The activated insulin receptor recruits intracellular adaptor protein IRS1. Phosphorylation of these proteins on tyrosine residues by the insulin receptor initiates the recruitment and activation of PI3K. PIP3 acts as a second messenger which promotes the phosphorylation of Akt and triggers the Akt-dependent multisite phosphorylation of TSC2. TSC is a heterotrimeric complex comprised of TSC1, TSC2, and TBC1D7, and functions as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase Rheb, which directly binds and activates mTORC1. mTORC2 primarily functions as an effector of insulin/PI3K signaling. 

 

Wnt: The Wnt pathway activates mTORC1. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) acts as a negative regulator of mTORC1 by phosphorylating TSC2. mTORC2 is activated by Wnt in a manner dependent on the small GTPase RAC1[4].

 

Amino acids: mTORC1 senses both lysosomal and cytosolic amino acids through distinct mechanisms. Amino acids induce the movement of mTORC1 to lysosomal membranes, where the Rag proteins reside. A complex named Ragulator, interact with the Rag GTPases, recruits them to lysosomes through a mechanism dependent on the lysosomal v-ATPase, and is essential for mTORC1 activation. In turn, lysosomal recruitment enables mTORC1 to interact with GTP-bound RHEB, the end point of growth factor. Cytosolic leucine and arginine signal to mTORC1 through a distinct pathway comprised of the GATOR1 and GATOR2 complexes.    

 

Stresses: mTORC1 responds to intracellular and environmental stresses that are incompatible with growth such as low ATP levels, hypoxia, or DNA damage. A reduction in cellular energy charge, for example during glucose deprivation, activates the stress responsive metabolic regulator AMPK, which inhibits mTORC1 both indirectly, through phosphorylation and activation of TSC2, as well as directly through the phosphorylation of RAPTOR. Sestrin1/2 are two transcriptional targets of p53 that are implicated in the DNA damage response, and they potently activate AMPK, thus mediating the p53-dependent suppression of mTOR activity upon DNA damage. During hypoxia, mitochondrial respiration is impaired, leading to low ATP levels and activation of AMPK. Hypoxia also affects mTORC1 in AMPK-independent ways by inducing the expression of REDD1, the protein products of which then suppress mTORC1 by promoting the assembly of TSC1-TSC2[2].

 

Reference:

[1]. Laplante M, et al.mTOR signaling at a glance.J Cell Sci. 2009 Oct 15;122(Pt 20):3589-94. 
[2]. Zoncu R, et al. mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jan;12(1):21-35. 
[3]. Johnson SC, et al. mTOR is a key modulator of ageing and age-related disease.Nature. 2013 Jan 17;493(7432):338-45.
[4]. Shimobayashi M, et al. Making new contacts: the mTOR network in metabolism and signalling crosstalk.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014 Mar;15(3):155-62.

mTOR Isoform Comparison

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