2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-103038
    ML327
    		98.06%
    ML327 is a blocker of MYC which can also de-repress E-cadherin transcription and reverse Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT).
    ML327
  • HY-B0532
    Trifluoperazine
    		Inhibitor 99.87%
    Trifluoperazine, an antipsychotic agent, acts by blocking central dopamine receptors. Trifluoperazine is a potent α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Trifluoperazine is a potent NUPR1 inhibitor exerting anticancer activity. Trifluoperazine is a calmodulin inhibitor, and also inhibits P-glycoprotein. Trifluoperazine can be used for the research of schizophrenia. Trifluoperazine acts as a reversible inhibitor of influenza virus morphogenesis.
    Trifluoperazine
  • HY-13334
    BGT226 maleate
    		Activator 99.92%
    BGT226 (NVP-BGT226 maleate) is a PI3K (with IC50s of 4 nM, 63 nM and 38 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ) /mTOR dual inhibitor which displays potent growth-inhibitory activity against human head and neck cancer cells.
    BGT226 maleate
  • HY-U00141
    ABTL-0812
    		Inducer 99.57%
    ABTL-0812 (α-Hydroxylinoleic acid) induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated autophagy. ABTL-0812 is a first-in-class small molecule with anti-cancer activity.
    ABTL-0812
  • HY-N2387
    Pinosylvin
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Pinosylvin is a?pre-infectious stilbenoid toxin?isolated from the heartwood of Pinus species, has anti-bacterial activities. Pinosylvin is a resveratrol analogue, can induce cell apoptosis and autophapy in leukemia cells.
    Pinosylvin
  • HY-N3442
    Juglanin
    		Inducer 99.76%
    Juglanin, a occurring flavonoid that can be isolated from crude Polygonum aviculare, is a JNK acticator, with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-tumor activities. Juglanin can induce apoptosis and autophagy on human breast cancer cells.
    Juglanin
  • HY-N2114
    Sedanolide
    		Activator 98.81%
    Sedanolide, a natural compound occurring in edible umbelliferous plants, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.
    Sedanolide
  • HY-N4176
    Ginkgolide K
    		Activator 98.59%
    Ginkgolide K, isolated from Ginkgo biloba, induces protective autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway. Ginkgolide K possesses neuroprotective activity.
    Ginkgolide K
  • HY-W016412
    Coenzyme Q0
    		Inducer 99.79%
    Coenzyme Q0 (CoQ0) is a potent, oral active ubiquinone compound can be derived from Antrodia cinnamomea. Coenzyme Q0 induces apoptosis and autophagy, suppresses of HER-2/AKT/mTOR signaling to potentiate the apoptosis and autophagy mechanisms. Coenzyme Q0 regulates NFκB/AP-1 activation and enhances Nrf2 stabilization in attenuation of inflammation and redox imbalance. Coenzyme Q0 has anti-angiogenic activity through downregulation of MMP-9/NF-κB and upregulation of HO-1 signaling.
    Coenzyme Q0
  • HY-N0656A
    (+)-Usnic acid
    		Inducer 99.63%
    (+)-Usnic acid is isolated from isolated from lichens, binds at the ATP-binding pocket of mTOR, and inhibits mTORC1/2 activity. (+)-Usnic acid inhibits the phosphorylation of mTOR downstream effectors: Akt (Ser473), 4EBP1, S6K, induces autophay, with anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity. (+)-Usnic acid possesses antimicrobial activity against a number of planktonic gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium.
    (+)-Usnic acid
  • HY-N2584A
    Isoxanthohumol
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Isoxanthohumol is an orally active flavonoid compound. Isoxanthohumol has biological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, and inhibition of adipogenesis. Isoxanthohumol can induce apoptosis, autophagy, and migration of tumor cells. Isoxanthohumol is active against viruses such as HSV, BVDV, CMV, and Rhino. Isoxanthohumol can be used for the research of tumors, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases.
    Isoxanthohumol
  • HY-101795
    Larixyl acetate
    		99.46%
    Larixyl acetate is a potent and selective TRPC6 inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.58 μM and 6.83 μM against hTRPC6-YFP and hTRPC3-YFP, respectively. Larixyl acetate prevents HPV and is effective in protecting against traumatic brain injury-induced systemic endothelial dysfunction.
    Larixyl acetate
  • HY-W018643
    Ferulic acid methyl ester
    		99.95%
    Ferulic acid methyl ester (Methyl ferulate) is a derivative of ferulic acid, isolated from Stemona tuberosa, with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Ferulic acid methyl ester is a cell membrane and brain permeable compound, shows free radical scavenging ability, used in the research of neurodegenerative disorders. Ferulic acid methyl ester inhibits COX-2 expression, blocks p-p38 and p-JNK in primary bone marrow derived-macrophages.
    Ferulic acid methyl ester
  • HY-10115A
    PI-103 Hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.55%
    PI-103 Hydrochloride is a dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor with IC50s of 8 nM, 88 nM, 48 nM, 150 nM, 20 nM, and 83 nM for p110α, p110β, p110δ, p110γ, mTORC1, and mTORC2. PI-103 Hydrochloride also inhibits DNA-PK with an IC50 of 2 nM. PI-103 Hydrochloride induces autophagy.
    PI-103 Hydrochloride
  • HY-N6747
    Stauprimide
    		99.45%
    Stauprimide is a staurosporine analog that promotes embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. Stauprimide is a non-broad spectrum inhibitor that binds to the MYC transcription factor NME2 and blocks its nuclear localization in ESCs, which results in down-regulation of MYC transcription.
    Stauprimide
  • HY-N0901
    Corynoxine
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Corynoxine, a tetracyclic oxindole alkaloid, is isolated from the hooks of Uncaria rhynchophylla. Corynoxine is a natural autophagy enhancer that promotes the clearance of alpha-synuclein via Akt/mTOR pathway.
    Corynoxine
  • HY-18676B
    ILK-IN-2
    		Activator 99.41%
    ILK-IN-2 (OSU-T315 analog) is an oral PDK2 inhibitor and also an ILK inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.6 μM. ILK-IN-2 induces cell autophagy and apoptosis, showing anti-tumor activity. ILK-IN-2 directly abolishes AKT activation by preventing AKT from translocating to lipid rafts, triggering Caspase-dependent apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and extending the lifespan in TCL1 mouse models.
    ILK-IN-2
  • HY-111680
    Nesolicaftor
    		99.37%
    Nesolicaftor (PTI-428) is a specific cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) amplifier.
    Nesolicaftor
  • HY-112182
    UM-164
    		99.15%
    UM-164 (DAS-DFGO-II) is a highly potent inhibitor of c-Src with a Kd of 2.7 nM. UM-164 also potently inhibits p38α and p38β.
    UM-164
  • HY-16916
    NS1643
    		Inducer 99.04%
    NS1643 is a partial agonist of human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) K+ channels with an EC50 of 10.5 μM. NS1643 inhibits the growth of breast cancer tumors in TNBC mouse models. NS1643 inhibits cell migration and invasion of breast cancer cells.
    NS1643
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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