2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-107418
    Tropifexor
    		99.35%
    Tropifexor (LJN452) is a highly potent agonist of FXR with an EC50 of 0.2 nM.
    Tropifexor
  • HY-14598
    Diethylstilbestrol
    		Inducer 99.62%
    Diethylstilbestrol is a non-steroidal female hormone that has oral activity and can act on menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. Diethylstilbestrol can induce DNA oxidation and Apoptosis of spermatogonial stem cells. Diethylstilbestrol can induce thymocyte Autophagy Diethylstilbestrol is a 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2) inhibitor..
    Diethylstilbestrol
  • HY-103157
    PD146176
    		Inducer 99.59%
    PD146176 (NSC168807), a 15-Lipoxygenase (15-LO) inhibitor, inhibits rabbit reticulocyte 15-LO (Ki=197 nM, IC50=0.54 μM). PD146176 reverses cognitive impairment, brain amyloidosis, and tau pathology by stimulating autophagy in aged triple transgenic mice.
    PD146176
  • HY-50847
    ZSTK474
    		Inducer 99.71%
    ZSTK474 is an ATP-competitive pan-class I PI3K inhibitor with IC50s of 16 nM, 44 nM, 4.6 nM and 49 nM for PΙ3Κα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ, respectively.
    ZSTK474
  • HY-115453
    UBCS039
    		98.88%
    UBCS039 is the first synthetic, specific Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) activator, inducing autophagy in human tumor cells, with an EC50 of 38 μM.
    UBCS039
  • HY-18728
    STF-31
    		Inducer 99.79%
    STF-31 is a selective inhibitor of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), with an IC50 of 1 μM. STF-31 is also a NAMPT inhibitor. STF-31 inhibits glucose uptake in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) 4 cells.
    STF-31
  • HY-17504B
    Rosuvastatin Sodium
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Rosuvastatin Sodium is a competitive HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 11 nM. Rosuvastatin Sodium potently blocks hERG current with an IC50 of 195 nM. Rosuvastatin Sodium reduces the expression of the mature hERG and the interaction of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) with the hERG protein. Rosuvastatin Sodium effectively lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein levels.
    Rosuvastatin Sodium
  • HY-15388
    Tazarotene
    		99.17%
    Tazarotene (AGN 190168) is a selective retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonist for the treatment of plaque psoriasis and acne vulgaris. Tazarotene is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    Tazarotene
  • HY-N0281
    Daphnetin
    		Inducer 99.77%
    Daphnetin (7,8-dihydroxycoumarin), one coumarin derivative can be found in plants of the Genus Daphne, is a potent, oral active protein kinase inhibitor, with IC50s of 7.67 μM, 9.33 μM and 25.01 μM for EGFR, PKA and PKC in vitro, respectively. Daphnetin triggers ROS-induced cell apoptosis and induces cytoprotective autophagy by modulating the AMPK/Akt/mTOR pathway. Daphnetin has anti-inflammation activitity and inhibits TNF-α, IL-1β, ROS, and MDA production. Daphnetin has schizontocidal activity against malaria parasites. Daphnetin can be used for rheumatoid arthritis , cancer and anti-malarian research.
    Daphnetin
  • HY-12513
    Samotolisib
    		Activator 99.27%
    Samotolisib (LY3023414) potently and selectively inhibits class I PI3K isoforms, DNA-PK, and mTORC1/2 with IC50s of 6.07 nM, 77.6 nM, 38 nM, 23.8 nM, 4.24 nM and 165 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, DNA-PK and mTOR, respectively. Samotolisib potently inhibits mTORC1/2 at low nanomolar concentrations.
    Samotolisib
  • HY-10159A
    Nilotinib monohydrochloride monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Nilotinib monohydrochloride monohydrate is a second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is significantly potent against BCR-ABL, and is active against many BCR-ABL mutants.
    Nilotinib monohydrochloride monohydrate
  • HY-15415
    KB-R7943 mesylate
    		Inhibitor 99.16%
    KB-R7943 mesylate is a widely used inhibitor of the reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCXrev) with IC50 of 5.7±2.1 μM. KB-R7943 mesylate induces cancer cell death via activating the JNK pathway and blocking autophagic flux.
    KB-R7943 mesylate
  • HY-15449
    Kaempferide
    		Inducer 99.80%
    Kaempferide is an orally active flavonol isolated from Hippophae rhamnoides L. Kaempferide has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antihypertensive, and neuroprotective activities. Kaempferide induces apoptosis. Kaempferide promotes osteogenesis through antioxidants and can be used in osteoporosis research.
    Kaempferide
  • HY-112904
    XRK3F2
    		Inhibitor 99.08%
    XRK3F2 is an inhibitor of p62 (Sequestosome-1)-ZZ/ domain.
    XRK3F2
  • HY-18676
    OSU-T315
    		Inducer 99.88%
    OSU-T315 (ILK-IN-1) is a small Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.6 μM, inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling by dephosphorylation of AKT-Ser473 and other ILK targets (GSK-3β and myosin light chain). OSU-T315 abrogates AKT activation by impeding AKT localization in lipid rafts and triggers caspase-dependent apoptosis in an ILK-independent manner. OSU-T315 causes cell death through apoptosis and autophagy.
    OSU-T315
  • HY-10331A
    Regorafenib monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506) monohydrate is an orally active and potent multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with IC50 values of 13/4.2/46, 22, 7, 1.5 and 2.5 nM for VEGFR1/2/3, PDGFRβ, Kit, RET and Raf-1, respectively. Regorafenib monohydrate shows very robust antitumor and antiangiogenic activity.
    Regorafenib monohydrate
  • HY-15758
    3,3'-Diindolylmethane
    		Inhibitor 99.89%
    3,3'-Diindolylmethane is a strong, pure androgen receptor (AR) antagonist.
    3,3'-Diindolylmethane
  • HY-14799
    Palovarotene
    		99.49%
    Palovarotene is a nuclear retinoic acid receptor γ (RAR-γ) agonist.
    Palovarotene
  • HY-149302
    MC4033
    		Inducer 98.26%
    MC4033 shows IC50s of 39.4 μM, 52.1 μM, 41 μM and 30.1 μM in HCT116, H1299, A549 and U937, respectively.
    MC4033 (25, 50, 100, and 200 μM, 72 h) reduces the level of H4K16Ac in HT29 cells, suggesting its ability to inhibit KAT8 in cells.
    MC4033
  • HY-13725A
    Pirarubicin Hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.14%
    Pirarubicin Hydrochloride is an anthracycline antibiotics, acts as a topoisomerase II inhibitor, and is a widely used for treatment of various cancers, in particular, solid tumors.
    Pirarubicin Hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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