2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-109083
    Cilofexor
    		99.82%
    Cilofexor (GS-9674) is a potent, selective and orally active nonsteroidal FXR agonist with an EC50 of 43 nM. Cilofexor has anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. Cilofexor has the potential for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) research.
    Cilofexor
  • HY-13417A
    AICAR phosphate
    		Inhibitor 99.98%
    AICAR phosphate (Acadesine phosphate) is an adenosine analog and a AMPK activator. AICAR phosphate regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR phosphate is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor.
    AICAR phosphate
  • HY-125731
    Glycodeoxycholic Acid
    		Inducer 99.08%
    Glycodeoxycholic Acid is a natural product found in Streptomyces nigricans, Trypanosoma brucei and C. elegans. Glycodeoxycholic Acid induces hepatocyte necrosis and autophagy in patients with obstructive cholestasis.
    Glycodeoxycholic Acid
  • HY-12795
    Vps34-IN-1
    		Modulator 99.79%
    Vps34-IN-1 is a potent and selective inhibitor of class III Vps34 PI3K. Vps34-IN-1 inhibits phosphorylation of PtdIns by recombinant insect cell expressed Vps34-Vps15 complex with an IC50 of ~25 nM. Vps34-IN-1 can suppress SGK3 activation by reducing PtdIns(3)P levels via lowering phosphorylation of T-loop and hydrophobic motifs. Vps34-IN-1 modulates autophagy.
    Vps34-IN-1
  • HY-13756A
    Tacrolimus monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.67%
    Tacrolimus monohydrate (FK506 monohydrate), a macrocyclic lactone, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex and inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties.
    Tacrolimus monohydrate
  • HY-B0193A
    Prazosin hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.51%
    Prazosin hydrochloride is a well-tolerated, CNS-active α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist for the research of high blood pressure and alcohol use disorders. Prazosin hydrochloride potently inhibits Norepinephrine (NE)-stimulated 45Ca efflux with an IC50 of 0.15 nM.Prazosin hydrochloride inhibits organic cation transporters OCT-1 and OCT-3 with IC50s of 1.8, and 13 μM, respectively.
    Prazosin hydrochloride
  • HY-134928A
    Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E TFA
    		Modulator
    Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E (A2E) TFA is a fluorophore that can be isolated from lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E TFA is an initiator of blue-light-induced apoptosis. Photoactivation of Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E TFA mediates autophagy and the production of reactive oxygen species. Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E TFA can be used in the study of retinal degenerative diseases.
    Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E TFA
  • HY-U00434
    3BDO
    		Inhibitor 99.93%
    3BDO is a new mTOR activator which can also inhibit autophagy.
    3BDO
  • HY-14595
    Biochanin A
    		99.29%
    Biochanin A is a naturally occurring fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, which inhibits FAAH with IC50s of 1.8, 1.4 and 2.4 μM for mouse, rat, and human FAAH, respectively.
    Biochanin A
  • HY-13738A
    Raloxifene hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.78%
    Raloxifene hydrochloride (Keoxifene hydrochloride) is a second generation selective and orally active estrogen receptor modulator. Raloxifene hydrochloride produces estrogen-agonistic effects on bone and lipid metabolism and estrogen-antagonistic effects on uterine endometrium and breast tissue.
    Raloxifene hydrochloride
  • HY-101200
    Linsidomine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Linsidomine hydrochloride (SIN-1 chloride) is a spontaneous ROS/RNS generator and peroxynitrite donor. Linsidomine hydrochloride is a vasodilator and platelet aggregation inhibitor. Linsidomine hydrochloride induces oxidative stress-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and necrosis. Linsidomine hydrochloride inhibits the migration, proliferation and neointima formation of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the expression of annexin A2. In addition, low doses of Linsidomine hydrochloride shows protective effects on Zn2+ treated nerve cells.
    Linsidomine hydrochloride
  • HY-12956
    Dinoprost
    		Inducer 99.63%
    Dinoprost (Prostaglandin F2α) is an orally active, potent prostaglandin F (PGF) receptor (FP receptor) agonist. Dinoprost is a luteolytic hormone produced locally in the endometrial luminal epithelium and corpus luteum (CL). Dinoprost plays a key role in the onset and progression of labour.
    Dinoprost
  • HY-N0163
    Magnolol
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Magnolol, a natural lignan isolated from the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis, is a dual agonist of both RXRα and PPARγ, with EC50 values of 10.4 µM and 17.7 µM, respectively.
    Magnolol
  • HY-N0144
    Piperine
    		Inducer 98.73%
    Piperine is an alkaloid, can be isolated from pepper. Piperine can inhibit the activity of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. Piperine inhibits HeLa cells with an IC50 of 61.94±0.054 μg/mL.
    Piperine
  • HY-16397A
    Phenformin hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.64%
    Phenformin hydrochloride is an anti-diabetic agent from the biguanide class, can activate AMPK activity.
    Phenformin hydrochloride
  • HY-12705A
    Bromocriptine mesylate
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Bromocriptine mesylate is a potent dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist, which binds D2 dopamine receptor with pKi of 8.05±0.2.
    Bromocriptine mesylate
  • HY-100001
    SKF-96365 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.71%
    SKF-96365 hydrochloride is a potent TRP channel blocker and a store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) inhibitor. SKF-96365 hydrochloride significantly inhibits hERG, hKCNQ1/hKCNE1, hKir2.1 and hKv4.3 current, and significantly prolongs the QTc interval in isolated guinea pig hearts. SKF-96365 hydrochloride exhibits potent anti-neoplastic activity by inducing cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells.
    SKF-96365 hydrochloride
  • HY-N0451
    Acacetin
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Acacetin (5,7-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone) is an orally active flavonoid derived from Dendranthema morifolium. Acacetin docks in the ATP binding pocket of PI3Kγ. Acacetin causes cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Acacetin has potent anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity and has the potential for pain-related diseases research.
    Acacetin
  • HY-N0164
    Matrine
    		Modulator ≥98.0%
    Matrine (Matridin-15-one) is an alkaloid found in plants from the Sophora genus that can act as a kappa opioid receptor and u-receptor agonist. Matrine has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis effects. Matrine is potential in the research of disease like human non-small cell lung cancer, hepatoma, papillary thyroid cancer and acute kidney injury (AKI).
    Matrine
  • HY-15465B
    KN-93 phosphate
    		99.72%
    KN-93 phosphate is a cell-permeable, reversible and competitive inhibitor calmodulin-dependent kinase type II (CaMKII) with a Ki of 370 nM.
    KN-93 phosphate
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.