2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-10194
    Sepantronium bromide
    		Inducer 99.36%
    Sepantronium bromide (YM-155) is a survivin inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.54 nM.
    Sepantronium bromide
  • HY-N0480
    Reserpine
    		Inhibitor 99.92%
    Reserpine is an inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2).
    Reserpine
  • HY-10182B
    Laduviglusib trihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.11%
    Laduviglusib (CHIR-99021) trihydrochloride is a potent and selective GSK-3α/β inhibitor with IC50s of 10 nM and 6.7 nM. Laduviglusib trihydrochloride shows >500-fold selectivity for GSK-3 over CDC2, ERK2 and other protein kinases. Laduviglusib trihydrochloride is also a potent Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activator. Laduviglusib trihydrochloride enhances mouse and human embryonic stem cells self-renewal. Laduviglusib trihydrochloride induces autophagy.
    Laduviglusib trihydrochloride
  • HY-N0678
    Icaritin
    		Inducer 99.06%
    Icaritin (Anhydroicaritin) is a prenylflavonoid derivative from Epimedium brevicornuMaxim. and potently inhibits proliferation of K562 cells (IC50 of 8 µM) and primary CML cells (IC50 of 13.4 µM for CML-CP and 18 µM for CML-BC). Icaritin can regulate MAPK/ERK/JNK and JAK2/STAT3 /AKT signalings, also enhances osteogenesis[3.
    Icaritin
  • HY-111772
    Elexacaftor
    		99.74%
    Elexacaftor (VX-445, Compound 1) is a modulator of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Elexacaftor (VX-445, Compound 1) facilitates the processing and trafficking of CFTR to increase the amount of CFTR at the cell surface.
    Elexacaftor
  • HY-14541
    Olanzapine
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Olanzapine (LY170053) is a selective, orally active monoaminergic antagonist with high affinity binding to serotonin H1, 5HT2A/2C, 5HT3, 5HT6 (Ki=7, 4, 11, 57, and 5 nM, respectively), dopamine D1-4 (Ki=11 to 31 nM), muscarinic M1-5 (Ki=1.9-25 nM), and adrenergic α1 receptor (Ki=19 nM). Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic.
    Olanzapine
  • HY-17508
    Clarithromycin
    		Inhibitor 99.90%
    Clarithromycin has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Clarithromycin inhibits the CYP3A4-catalyzed triazolam alpha-hydroxylation with the IC50 (Ki) value of 56 (43) μM. Clarithromycin significantly inhibits the HERG potassium current.Clarithromycin affects the autophagic flux by impairing the signaling pathway linking hERG1 and PI3K.
    Clarithromycin
  • HY-118630
    Vacuolin-1
    		Inhibitor 98.54%
    Vacuolin-1 is a potent and cell-permeable lysosomal exocytosis inhibitor. Vacuolin-1 blocks the Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of lysosomes and prevents the release of lysosomal content without affecting the process of resealing. vacuolin‐1 is a potent and selective PIKfyve inhibitor and inhibits late‐stage autophagy by impairing lysosomal maturation. Vacuolin-1 can induce vacuole formation and increase the percentage of enucleated cells.
    Vacuolin-1
  • HY-15459
    Cabazitaxel
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Cabazitaxel is a semi-synthetic derivative of the natural taxoid 10-deacetylbaccatin III with potential antineoplastic activity.
    Cabazitaxel
  • HY-N0039
    Ginsenoside Rb1
    		Inducer 99.75%
    Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 .
    Ginsenoside Rb1
  • HY-14711
    Reversine
    		Inducer 99.22%
    Reversine is a novel class of ATP-competitive Aurora kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 400, 500 and 400 nM for Aurora A, Aurora B and Aurora C, respectively.
    Reversine
  • HY-15425
    PF-543
    		Inducer 99.85%
    PF-543 (Sphingosine Kinase 1 Inhibitor II) is a potent, selective, reversible and sphingosine-competitive SPHK1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 2 nM and a Ki of 3.6 nM. PF-543 is >100-fold selectivity for SPHK1 over SPHK2. PF-543 is an effective potent inhibitor of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) formation in whole blood with an IC50 of 26.7 nM. PF-543 induces apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy.
    PF-543
  • HY-14249
    Bicalutamide
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Bicalutamide is an orally active non-steroidal androgen receptor (AR) antagonist. Bicalutamide can be used for the research of prostate cancer.
    Bicalutamide
  • HY-N0124
    Dioscin
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Dioscin (CCRIS 4123; Collettiside III) is a natural plant-derived steroidal saponin that has good anti-cancer activity against a variety of cancer cells. Dioscin causes DNA damage and induces apoptosis in HeLa and SiHa cells. Dioscin regulates ROS-mediated DNA damage and mitochondrial signaling pathways, exerting anticancer activity.
    Dioscin
  • HY-17439
    Salinomycin sodium salt
    		Modulator 99.81%
    Salinomycin sodium salt (Salinomycin sodium), an antibiotic potassium ionophore, is a potent inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Salinomycin sodium salt acts on the Wnt/Fzd/LRP complex, blocks Wnt-induced LRP6 phosphorylation, and causes degradation of the LRP6 protein. Salinomycin sodium salt shows selective activity against human cancer stem cells.
    Salinomycin sodium salt
  • HY-15127
    Isotretinoin
    		99.54%
    Isotretinoin (13-cis-Retinoic acid) is an orally active vitamin A derivative and is often be used for the research of severe acne. Isotretinoin also shows anticancer activity.
    Isotretinoin
  • HY-10838
    GW 501516
    		Inducer 99.27%
    GW 501516 (GW 1516) is a PPARδ agonist with an EC50 of 1.1 nM.
    GW 501516
  • HY-14652
    Tamibarotene
    		99.94%
    Tamibarotene is an orally active retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) agonist, showing high selectivity over RARγ.
    Tamibarotene
  • HY-17408
    Mevastatin
    		Inducer 99.46%
    Mevastatin (Compactin) is a first HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that belongs to the statins class. Mevastatin is a lipid-lowering agent, and induces apoptosis, arrests cancer cells in G0/G1 phase. Mevastatin also increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and protein levels. Mevastatin has antitumor activity and has the potential for cardiovascular diseases treatment.
    Mevastatin
  • HY-13262
    Lumacaftor
    		99.85%
    Lumacaftor (VX-809; VRT 826809) is a CFTR modulator that corrects the folding and trafficking of CFTR protein.
    Lumacaftor
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.