2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-114520
    TT01001
    		Inhibitor 99.38%
    TT01001 is a potent and orally active mitoNEET ligand. TT01001 reduces oxidative stress injury and neuronal apoptosis by improving mitochondrial dysfunction. TT01001 improves type II diabetes without causing weight gain.
    TT01001
  • HY-158783
    SACLAC
    		Inducer 99.70%
    SACLAC, a Ceramide analog, is a potent and covalent acid ceramidase (ASAH1; AC) inhibitor with a Ki of 97.1 nM. SACLAC effectively blocks AC activity and induces a decrease in sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and total ceramide levels. SACLAC reduces the levels of splicing factor SF3B1 and alternative Mcl-1 mRNA splicing, increases pro-apoptotic Mcl-1S levels to induce apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. SACLAC reduces the leukemic burden in human AML xenograft mouse models.
    SACLAC
  • HY-10227R
    Bortezomib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Bortezomib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bortezomib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bortezomib (PS-341) is a reversible and selective proteasome inhibitor, and potently inhibits 20S proteasome (Ki=0.6 nM) by targeting a threonine residue. Bortezomib disrupts the cell cycle, induces apoptosis, and inhibits NF-κB. Bortezomib is the first proteasome inhibitor anticancer agent. Anti-cancer activity.
    Bortezomib (Standard)
  • HY-41047
    Taltobulin intermediate-1
    		Control 98.07%
    Taltobulin intermediate-1 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Taltobulin (HY-15584). Taltobulin is a common toxin component in ADC preparation (ADC Cytotoxin), and it is also a powerful tubulin (Microtubule/Tubulin) inhibitor. Taltobulin disrupts tubulin polymerization, induces mitotic arrest, and induces apoptosis.
    Taltobulin intermediate-1
  • HY-41071
    Taltobulin intermediate-9
    		Control
    (6R)-Taltobulin intermediate-9 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Taltobulin (HY-15584). Taltobulin is a common toxin component in ADC preparation (ADC Cytotoxin), and it is also a powerful tubulin (Microtubule/Tubulin) inhibitor. Taltobulin disrupts tubulin polymerization, induces mitotic arrest, and induces apoptosis.
    Taltobulin intermediate-9
  • HY-N1429R
    Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) sodium is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties.
    Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium (Standard)
  • HY-N0411S4
    β-Carotene-13C10
    		98.16%
    β-Carotene-13C10 (Provitamin A-13C10) is the 13C-labeled β-Carotene (HY-N0411). β-Carotene (Provitamin A), a carotenoid compound, is a naturally-occurring vitamin A precursor. β-Carotene is a modulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. β-Carotene may serve as an antioxidant or as a prooxidant, depending on its intrinsic properties as well as on the redox potential of the biological environment in which it acts. β-Carotene induces breast cancer cells apoptosis, with anticancer activities.
    β-Carotene-<sub>13<sub>C<sub>10<sub>
  • HY-B0421R
    Mycophenolic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Mycophenolic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Mycophenolic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Mycophenolic acid is a potent uncompetitive inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor with an EC50 of 0.24 μM.?Mycophenolic acid demonstrates antiviral effects against a wide range of RNA viruses including influenza. Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressive agent. Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects.
    Mycophenolic acid (Standard)
  • HY-110315
    Ischemin sodium
    		Inhibitor 99.32%
    Ischemin sodium is a CBP bromodomain inhibitor that inhibits p53 interaction with CBP and transcriptional activity in cells. Ischemin sodium salt inhibits p53-induced p21 activation with an IC50 value of 5 µM. Ischemin sodium salt also prevents apoptosis in ischemic cardiomyocytes. Ischemin sodium salt can be used in the study of cardiovascular diseases (such as myocardial ischemia).
    Ischemin sodium
  • HY-P6440
    Met-12
    		Inhibitor 99.53%
    Met-12 is a small peptide inhibitor of the Fas receptor. Met-12 can inhibit Fas receptor-mediated photoreceptor cell apoptosis, reduce Caspase activation. Met-12 can be used in the research of photoreceptor.
    Met-12
  • HY-N1179
    Tanshinone IIB
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    Tanshinone IIB is a major active constituent of the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) widely used for the research of stroke and coronary heart disease in Asian countries. Tanshinone IIB has a neuroprotective effect via inhibition of apoptosis.
    Tanshinone IIB
  • HY-13570A
    Betamethasone hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Betamethasone hydrochloride is a synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities. Betamethasone hydrochloride accelerates fetal lung maturation and induces gene expression and apoptosis.
    Betamethasone hydrochloride
  • HY-164552
    ZNU-IMB-Z15
    		Inducer
    ZNU-IMB-Z15 (Compound Z15) is an antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) and also a selective degrader of AR and ARV7. ZNU-IMB-Z15 can directly bind to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) and activation function-1 region of AR, and promote AR degradation through the proteasome pathway. ZNU-IMB-Z15 effectively inhibits the transcriptional activity of AR, AR mutants, and AR splice variants (ARVs), downregulating the mRNA and protein levels of AR downstream target genes, thereby overcoming the resistance to second-generation antiandrogen drugs induced by AR LBD mutations, AR amplification, and ARVs in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). ZNU-IMB-Z15 can inhibit the proliferation of AR-positive CRPC cell lines and induce their apoptosis, demonstrating anticancer activity both in vivo and in vitro.
    ZNU-IMB-Z15
  • HY-126049
    (S)-Oxiracetam
    		Inhibitor 98.78%
    (S)-oxiracetam (S-ORC) is an inhibitor targeting apoptosis. S-ORC reduces brain infarct size and lessens neurological dysfunction in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) models. S-ORC prevents neuronal apoptosis via activating PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway via α7 nAChR after ischemic stroke. S-ORC can prevent neuronal death after ischemic stroke.
    (S)-Oxiracetam
  • HY-13010S
    Laquinimod-d5
    		Inhibitor 98.25%
    Laquinimod-d5 (ABR-215062-d5) is deuterium labeled Laquinimod. Laquinimod (ABR-215062), an orally available carboxamide derivative, is a potent immunomodulator that prevents neurodegeneration and inflammation in the central nervous system. Laquinimod reduces astrocytic NF-κB activation to protect from Cuprizone-induced demyelination. Laquinimod has the potential for relapsing-remitting (RR) and chronic progressive (CP) forms of multiple sclerosis (MS; RRMS or CPMS) as well as neurodegenerative diseases research.
    Laquinimod-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-138253S
    2′,2′-Difluorodeoxyuridine-13C,15N2
    		Inducer 99.50%
    2′,2′-Difluorodeoxyuridine-13C,15N2 (dFdU-13C,15N2) is a 13C- and 15N-labeled compound. 2’,2’-Difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) is the main metabolite of Gemcitabine (HY-17026). 2’,2’-Difluorodeoxyuridine causes a concentration- and schedule- dependent radiosensitising effect in vitro. 2’,2’-Difluorodeoxyuridine arrests cell cycle at the early S phase and induces apoptosis in cancer cells.
    2′,2′-Difluorodeoxyuridine-<sup>13</sup>C,<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-N6810R
    Thymol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Thymol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Thymol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Thymol is a TRPA1 agonist. Thymol induces cancer cell apoptosis. Thymol is the main monoterpene phenol occurring in essential oils isolated from plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and other plants such as those belonging to the Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ranunculaceae and Apiaceae families. Thymol has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal effects.
    Thymol (Standard)
  • HY-10224R
    Panobinostat (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Panobinostat (Standard) (LBH589 (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Panobinostat (HY-10224). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Panobinostat is a potent and orally active non-selective HDAC inhibitor, and has antineoplastic activities. Panobinostat induces HIV-1 virus production even at low concentration range 8-31 nM, stimulates HIV-1 expression in latently infected cells. Panobinostat induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Panobinostat can be used for the study of refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma.
    Panobinostat (Standard)
  • HY-B0114R
    Oxcarbazepine (Standard)
    		Activator
    Oxcarbazepine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Oxcarbazepine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Oxcarbazepine is a sodium channel blocker. Oxcarbazepine significantly inhibits glioblastoma cell growth and induces apoptosis or G2/M arrest in glioblastoma cell lines. Anti-cancer and anticonvulsant effects.
    Oxcarbazepine (Standard)
  • HY-17412S1
    Minocycline-d6 sulfate
    		Inducer
    Minocycline-d6 sulfate is deuterated labeled Minocycline (HY-17412A). Minocycline is an orally active, potent and BBB-penetrated semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic. Minocycline is a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α inhibitor. Minocycline shows anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and glutamate antagonist effects. Minocycline reduces glutamate neurotransmission and shows neuroprotective properties and antidepressant effects. Minocycline inhibits bacterial protein synthesis through binding with the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, resulting in a bacteriostatic effect.
    Minocycline-d<sub>6</sub> sulfate
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity