2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B2219
    Stearic acid
    		99.87%
    Stearic acid is a long-chain dietary saturated fatty acid that can significantly reduce visceral fat by inducing apoptosis of preadipocytes. Stearic acid can be used in the study of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
    Stearic acid
  • HY-116282
    Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 5000)
    		Inducer 99.20%
    Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) (MW 5000) is a polymer of dehydrated glucose with a molecular weight of approximately 5000. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) with different molecular weights exhibits different biological activities. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 5000) is an inhibitor of complement and coagulation pathways, and belongs to the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) family. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 5000) acts as an anticoagulant, antiviral, and anti-lipemic agent. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) stops HIV-1 virus adsorption to host cells. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 5000) prevents NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 5000) inhibits instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR).
    Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 5000)
  • HY-100223
    Calpeptin
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Calpeptin is a potent, cell penetrating calpain inhibitor, with an ID50 of 40 nM for Calpain I in human platelets. Calpeptin is also an inhibitor of cathepsin K.
    Calpeptin
  • HY-135748
    Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid sodium
    		Inducer 99.40%
    Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) sodium is a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA and an agonist of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RIG-I and MDA5). Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid sodium can be used as a vaccine adjuvant to enhance innate and adaptive immune responses, and to alter the tumor microenvironment. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid sodium can directly trigger cancer cells to undergo apoptosis.
    Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid sodium
  • HY-B0285A
    Amiloride hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Amiloride hydrochloride (MK-870 hydrochloride) is an inhibitor of both epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uTPA). Amiloride hydrochloride is a blocker of polycystin-2 (PC2; TRPP2) channel.
    Amiloride hydrochloride
  • HY-146245C
    ODN 1826 sodium
    		Inducer 99.51%
    ODN 1826 sodium is a class B CpG ODN (oligodeoxynucleotide) and TLR9 agonist. ODN 1826 sodium induces NO and iNOS production and enhances Apoptosis. ODN 1826 sodium enhances immune surveillance. ODN 1826 sodium increases aortic atherosclerotic plaque size. ODN 1826 sodium has antitumor activity against lung cancer, glioma and melanoma.
    ODN 1826 sodium
  • HY-101291
    Iberdomide
    		Inducer 99.54%
    Iberdomide (CC-220) is an orally active and potent cereblon (CRBN) E3 ligase modulator (CELMoD) with an IC50 of ~150 nM for cereblon-binding affinity. Iberdomide, a derivative of Thalidomide (HY-14658), has antitumor and immunostimulatory activities.
    Iberdomide
  • HY-N0155
    Nobiletin
    		Inducer 99.79%
    Nobiletin is a poly-methoxylated flavone from the citrus peel that improves memory loss. Nobiletin is a retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) agonist. Nobiletin can reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in differentiated C2C12 myotubes and has anti-inflammation and anti-cancer properties, including anti-angiogenesis, anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis and induced apoptosis.
    Nobiletin
  • HY-N6693
    Valinomycin
    		Inducer 99.05%
    Valinomycin is a potassium-specific ionophore, the valinomycin-K+ complex can be incorporated into biological bilayer membranes with the hydrophobic surface of valinomycin, destroys the normal K+ gradient across the membrane, and as a result kills the cells, incorporating into liposomes can significantly reduces the cytotoxicity and enhances the targeting effect. Valinomycin exhibits antibiotic, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor and insecticidal efficacy, thus can be used for relevant research.
    Valinomycin
  • HY-10321
    PD173074
    		Inducer 99.86%
    PD173074 is a potent FGFR1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 25 nM and also inhibits VEGFR2 with an IC50 of 100-200 nM, showing 1000-fold selectivity for FGFR1 over PDGFR and c-Src.
    PD173074
  • HY-15205
    Ganetespib
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Ganetespib (STA-9090) is a heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor which exhibits potent cytotoxicity in a wide variety of hematological and solid tumor cell lines. Ganetespib has antiangiogenic effects in colorectal cancer mediated through inhibition of HIF-1α and STAT3.
    Ganetespib
  • HY-N0527
    Pentagalloylglucose
    		Inducer 99.77%
    Pentagalloylglucose (Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose) is an orally active gallic tannin compound and an inducer of apoptosis and autophagy. Pentagalloglucose induces cell apoptosis and autophagy through the GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. Pentagalloglucose has antioxidant, anti mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, cardioprotective, anti allergic, cholesterol lowering, and anti-tumor activities.
    Pentagalloylglucose
  • HY-N0326
    L-Methionine
    		Inducer 99.84%
    L-Methionine is an L-isomer of orally active Methionine, an essential amino acid. Methionine is a strong liver antidote that acts as a liver protector. L-Methionine can inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis. L-Methionine has antitumor and antioxidant activity.
    L-Methionine
  • HY-114162
    VTP50469
    		Inducer 99.69%
    VTP50469 is a potent, highly selective and orally active Menin-MLL interaction inhibitor with a Ki of 104 pM. VTP50469 has potently anti-leukemia activity.
    VTP50469
  • HY-13271A
    Tubastatin A
    		Inducer 98.37%
    Tubastatin A is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with an IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay, and is selective (1000-fold more) against all other isozymes except HDAC8 (57-fold more). Tubastatin A also inhibits HDAC10 and metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    Tubastatin A
  • HY-15025
    Sildenafil
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Sildenafil (UK-92480) is a potent phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor with an IC50 of 5.22 nM.
    Sildenafil
  • HY-N2117
    Isoginkgetin
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Isoginkgetin is a pre-mRNA splicing inhibitor inhibitor. Isoginkgetin also inhibits activities of both Akt, NF-κB and MMP-9. Isoginkgetin inhibits the activity of the 20S proteasome, induces apoptosis and activates autophagy.
    Isoginkgetin
  • HY-17503
    Metoprolol
    		Inhibitor 99.97%
    Metoprolol is an orally active, selective β1-adrenoceptor antagonist. Metoprolol shows anti-inflammation, antitumor and anti-angiogenic properties.
    Metoprolol
  • HY-15346
    Copanlisib
    		Inducer 99.50%
    Copanlisib (BAY 80-6946) is a potent, selective and ATP-competitive pan-class I PI3K inhibitor, with IC50s of 0.5 nM, 0.7 nM, 3.7 nM and 6.4 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kδ, PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ, respectively. Copanlisib has more than 2,000-fold selectivity against other lipid and protein kinases, except for mTOR. Copanlisib has superior antitumor activity.
    Copanlisib
  • HY-15097
    Myricetin
    		Inducer 98.42%
    Myricetin is a common plant-derived flavonoid with a wide range of activities including strong anti-oxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Myricetin
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity