2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W014605
    Diphenylcyclopropenone
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Diphenylcyclopropenone (Diphencyprone) is a potent hapten acting as a topical immunomodulatory agent, which induces an allergic contact dermatitis. Diphenylcyclopropenone induces an increase of cell-surface thiols in cells of a human monocytic cell line, THP-1. Diphenylcyclopropenone acts on the autoreactive T-lymphocytes within the follicular milieu to induce Apoptosis. Diphenylcyclopropenone can be used for alopecia areata research.
    Diphenylcyclopropenone
  • HY-W013053
    Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of considerable tumorigenicity. Dibenz[a,h]anthracene results in DNA adduct formation leading to the activation of a DNA damage response. Dibenz[a,h]anthracene induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via both Tp53-dependent and Tp53-independent mechanisms.
    Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
  • HY-Y0252R
    L-Proline (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    L-Proline (Standard) is the analytical standard of L-Proline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins.
    L-Proline (Standard)
  • HY-50856R
    Ruxolitinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ruxolitinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ruxolitinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ruxolitinib (INCB18424) is a potent and selective JAK1/2 inhibitor with IC50s of 3.3 nM and 2.8 nM in cell-free assays, and has 130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 over JAK3. Ruxolitinib induces autophagy and kills tumor cells through toxic mitophagy.
    Ruxolitinib (Standard)
  • HY-W010451
    1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene
    		Inducer 99.12%
    1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene (Hydroxyhydroquinone) is an ER stress inducer that targets proteins such as PKR-like ER kinase PERK to induce cytotoxicity. 1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene selectively activates eIF2α phosphorylation, activates the PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway and induces stress granule formation. 1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene subsequently exacerbates oxidative stress and causes DNA double-strand breaks, destroying organelles such as mitochondria and ER, and inducing cell death. 1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene also has the potential to exhibit anti-tumor effect, increase blood pressure, and relieve spasm.
    1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene
  • HY-B0380
    Trimebutine
    		Inducer 99.42%
    Trimebutine is a multi-target inhibitor and opioid receptor agonist with antimuscarinic activity. Trimebutine inhibits L-type Ca2+ channels and large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BKCa channels), thereby inhibiting extracellular calcium influx and potassium ion efflux. Trimebutine also targets Toll-like receptors, inhibits Toll-like receptor 2/4/7/8/9 signals, and inhibits LPS-induced IRAK1 activation, as well as ERK1/2, JNK and NF-κB activation, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Trimebutine also induces tumor cell apoptosis by inhibiting the AKT/ERK pathway. Trimebutine also inhibits excessive contraction of smooth muscle and can be used in the study of gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
    Trimebutine
  • HY-16662
    Oncrasin-1
    		Inducer 98.16%
    Oncrasin-1 is an RNA polymerase inhibitor. Oncrasin-1 suppresses the phosphorylation of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and the expression of intronless reporter genes in sensitive cells. Oncrasin-1 effectively kills various human lung cancer cells with K-Ras mutations. Oncrasin-1 leads to coaggregation of PKCι and splicing factors into megaspliceosomes. Oncrasin-1 induces malfunction in the RNA processing machinery. Oncrasin-1 is an anti-cancer agent and can therefore be studied in research for lung cancer.
    Oncrasin-1
  • HY-B0905A
    Tilmicosin phosphate
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    Tilmicosin (LY-177370) phosphate is an orally active calcium channel antagonist and macrolide antibiotic with antimicrobial activity. Tilmicosin phosphate mainly acts on the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting protein synthesis. Tilmicosin phosphate is effective in the treatment of respiratory diseases in livestock such as cattle, sheep and pigs. In addition, Tilmicosin phosphate has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects.
    Tilmicosin phosphate
  • HY-N0909
    Notoginsenoside R2
    		98.78%
    Notoginsenoside R2 is a newly isolated notoginsenoside from Panax notoginseng, showed neuroprotective effects against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis.
    Notoginsenoside R2
  • HY-B0926
    Diatrizoic acid
    		Inducer 98.33%
    Diatrizoic acid (Diatrizoate) is an iodinated radiocontrast agent and has the potential for radiographic imaging of the airways. Diatrizoic acid induces mitochondrial turnover and oxidative stress, and activating apoptosis by dysregulating calcium.
    Diatrizoic acid
  • HY-10619E
    Niraparib tosylate hydrate
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Niraparib (MK-4827) tosylate hydrate is a highly potent and orally bioavailable PARP1 and PARP2 inhibitor with IC50s of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively. Niraparib tosylate hydrate leads to inhibition of repair of DNA damage, activates apoptosis and shows anti-tumor activity.
    Niraparib tosylate hydrate
  • HY-15162G
    Monomethyl auristatin E (GMP)
    		Inducer
    Monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) (GMP) is Monomethyl auristatin E (HY-15162) produced by using GMP guidelines. Monomethyl auristatin E is a tubulin polymerization inhibitor.
    Monomethyl auristatin E (GMP)
  • HY-17412A
    Minocycline
    		Modulator 98.59%
    Minocycline is an orally active, potent and BBB-penetrated semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic. Minocycline is a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α inhibitor. Minocycline shows anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and glutamate antagonist effects. Minocycline reduces glutamate neurotransmission and shows neuroprotective properties and antidepressant effects. Minocycline inhibits bacterial protein synthesis through binding with the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, resulting in a bacteriostatic effect.
    Minocycline
  • HY-10224A
    Panobinostat lactate
    		Inducer 98.67%
    Panobinostat lactate is a potent and orally active non-selective HDAC inhibitor. Panobinostat lactate has antineoplastic activities. Panobinostat lactate effectively disrupts HIV latency. Panobinostat lactate induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Panobinostat lactate can be used for the study of refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma.
    Panobinostat lactate
  • HY-145579
    Linvencorvir
    		Activator 98.14%
    Linvencorvir (RG7907) is an orally active Hepatitis B virus core protein allosteric modulator. Linvencorvir induces Apoptosis. Linvencorvir has antiviral activity against HBV.
    Linvencorvir
  • HY-10202A
    Tandutinib hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.29%
    Tandutinib hydrochloride (MLN518 hydrochloride) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the FLT3 with an IC50 of 0.22 μM, and also inhibits c-Kit and PDGFR with IC50s of 0.17 μM and 0.20 μM, respectively. Tandutinib hydrochloride can be used for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Tandutinib hydrochloride has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
    Tandutinib hydrochloride
  • HY-106409
    Tefinostat
    		Inducer 99.65%
    Tefinostat (CHR-2845) is a monocyte/macrophage targeted histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Tefinostat can be cleaved into active acid CHR-2847 by the intracellular esterase human carboxylesterase-1 (hCE-1). Tefinostat can be used for the research of leukaemias.
    Tefinostat
  • HY-163198
    ASCT2-IN-1
    		Inducer 98.21%
    ASCT2-IN-1 (compound 20k) is an ASCT2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 5.6 μM and 3.5 μM in cells A549 and HEK293, respectively. ASCT2-IN-1 induces cell apoptosis. ASCT2-IN-1 inhibits tumor growth.
    ASCT2-IN-1
  • HY-168555
    YJ1206
    		Inducer
    YJ1206 is an orally active, selective CDK12/CDK13 PROTAC degrader with an IC50 of 12.55 nM for in VCaP cells. YJ1206 increases DNA damage, induces apoptosis, and promotes tumor regression in orthotopic WA74 patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice models of resistant prostate cancer. YJ1206 suppresses tumor growth in vivo in conjunction with AKT pathway inhibitors. YJ1206 is composed of the CDK12/CDK13 degradation agent (HY-168658), a linker (HY-W004328), and a VHL E3 ubiquitin ligase (HY-W453548). (Pink: Navitoclax; Blue: VHL ligand; Black: linker).
    YJ1206
  • HY-107744
    Nalmefene
    		Inhibitor 99.70%
    Nalmefene is a BBB-penetrable opioid receptor modulator. Nalmefene is an antagonist of MOR and DOR, and a partial agonist of KOR. Nalmefene has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. Nalmefene can be used in the research of reducing alcohol-dependent disorders.
    Nalmefene
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity