2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N2334S
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid-d4
    		Inducer 98.00%
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Glycochenodeoxycholic acid. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Chenodeoxycholylglycine) is a bile acid formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Chenodeoxycholylglycine) induces hepatocyte apoptosis.
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-66012
    Proparacaine Hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Proparacaine Hydrochloride (Proxymetacaine Hydrochloride) is a derivative of lidocaine (HY-B0185), with immunomodulatory effect and glucocorticomimetic activity.
    Proparacaine Hydrochloride
  • HY-149414
    MY-673
    		Inducer 98.60%
    MY-673 is a colchicine binding site inhibitor (CBSI), that inhibits tubulin polymerization. MY-673 inhibits the ERK signaling pathway, which in turn affects SMAD4 protein expression levels in the TGF-β/SMAD pathway. MY-673 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and induced apoptosis in vivo and in vitro.
    MY-673
  • HY-B0483
    Tioxolone
    		Inducer 98.24%
    Tioxolone is an inhibitor for the carbonic anhydrase. Tioxolone exhibits anti-leishmanial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. Tioxolone can be used in research of acne and psoriasis.
    Tioxolone
  • HY-N8418
    Cearoin
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Cearoin increases autophagy and apoptosis through the production of ROS and the activation of ERK.
    Cearoin
  • HY-100509
    NPS-1034
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    NPS-1034 is a dual inhibitor of AXL and MET with IC50s of 10.3 and 48 nM, respectively.
    NPS-1034
  • HY-P10238
    MYBMIM
    		Inducer 99.44%
    MYBMIM is an inhibitor for assembly of the molecular MYB:CBP/P300 complex. MYBMIM inhibits growth of leukemia cells.
    MYBMIM
  • HY-B0862
    Pendimethalin
    		Inducer 99.75%
    Pendimethalin is an orally active herbicide that controls annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds. Pendimethalin induces Apoptotic cell death through activating ER stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
    Pendimethalin
  • HY-10585R
    Valproic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Valproic acid (Dipropylacetic Acid) (Standard) is an analytical standard for valproic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Valproic acid is an orally active HDAC inhibitor (IC50=0.5-2 mM), inhibits the activity of HDAC1 (IC50=400 μM), and induces the degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits the proliferation of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid is used in the study of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, metabolic diseases, HIV infection, and migraine.
    Valproic acid (Standard)
  • HY-N6801
    Nivalenol
    		Inducer 99.24%
    Nivalenol, classified as type B trichotecenes toxins produced by Fusarium graminearum, is a fungal metabolite present in agricultural product. Nivalenol induces cell death through caspase-dependent mechanisms and via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Nivalenol affects the immune system, causes emesis, growth retardation, reproductive disorders and has a haematotoxic/myelotoxic effect.
    Nivalenol
  • HY-13538A
    Gemcitabine elaidate hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Gemcitabine elaidate (CP-4126) hydrochloride is lipophilic pro-agent of Gemcitabine. Gemcitabine elaidate hydrochloride is converted to Gemcitabine by esterases in order to be phosphorylated. Gemcitabine elaidate hydrochloride exhibits anti-tumor activity.
    Gemcitabine elaidate hydrochloride
  • HY-N6011
    9-Methoxycamptothecin
    		Inducer 99.13%
    9-Methoxycamptothecin (MCPT), isolated from Camptotheca acuminata, has antitumor activities through topoisomerase inhibition. 9-Methoxycamptothecin (MCPT) induces strong G2/M arrest and apoptosis in cancer.
    9-Methoxycamptothecin
  • HY-N0523A
    Gallic acid hydrate
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Gallic acid (3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid) hydrate is a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound and an free radical scavenger to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Gallic acid hydrate has various activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticance activities.
    Gallic acid hydrate
  • HY-144765
    NF-κB-IN-4
    		Inducer 98.51%
    NF-κB-IN-4 (compound 17) is a potent and BBB-penetrated NF-κB pathway inhibitor with blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability. NF-κB-IN-4 exhibits potential anti-neuroinflammatory activity with low toxicity. NF-κB-IN-4 can block the activation and phosphorylation of IκBα, reduce expression of NLRP3, and thus inhibit NF-κB activation. NF-κB-IN-4 can be used for neuroinflammation related diseases research.
    NF-κB-IN-4
  • HY-125355
    SEC
    		Inducer 98.26%
    SEC induces activation of ANXA7 GTPase via the AMPK/mTORC1/STAT3 signaling pathway. SEC selectively promotes apoptosis in cancer cells, expressing a high level of ITGB4 by inducing ITGB4 nuclear translocation.
    SEC
  • HY-W011683
    2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.89%
    2′-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate is an adenine nucleoside that inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release. 2′-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits glucose-stimulated increases seen in islet cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate activates caspase-3 and promotes apoptosis. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits the activity of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits the growth of various cells. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate has an anticancer effect on colon cancer.
    2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate
  • HY-103118
    PU02
    		Inducer 99.76%
    PU02, a derivative of 6-MP (HY-13677), is a negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of 5-HT3 receptor, with IC50 values of 0.36 and 0.73 μM in HEK293 cells transfected with human 5-HT3A and 5-HT3AB receptors respectively.
    PU02
  • HY-144712
    L5-DA
    		Inducer 99.03%
    L5-DA is a G-quadruplex (G4) ligand and selectively stabilized for G4s over ds26. L5-DA exhibits significant cytotoxicity against HeLa cells (IC50=4.3 μM). L5-DA stabilizes G4s in HeLa cells, induces apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest.
    L5-DA
  • HY-N6790
    Nonactin
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Nonactin is a macrotetrolide antibiotic and mitochondrial uncoupler with antibacterial, insecticidal, and acaricidal activities. Nonactin acts as an ionophore for monovalent cations, including K+, and NH4+, and it can also inhibit the surface expression of endogenous HSP60. In addition, Nonactin can induce apoptosis in β-catenin mutant tumor cells and has anti-tumor activity.
    Nonactin
  • HY-N3121
    Pachypodol
    		Inhibitor 99.82%
    Pachypodol is an orally active methoxyflavonoid compound. Pachypodol activates the ERK-dependent Nrf2 pathway and inhibits Apoptosis. Pachypodol exhibits activities such as antioxidant, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory effects. Pachypodol improves cognition. Pachypodol exerts protective effects against cardiac and liver damage. Pachypodol has anticancer activity against colon cancer.
    Pachypodol
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity